Reading Comprehension-Easy Passages [NTA-NET (UGC-NET) Paper-I (in English)]: Questions 1 - 4 of 199

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Passage

Answer the questions based on the information given below

The fact is often obscured by the widespread confusion about the nature and role of emotions in man՚s life. One frequently hears the statement, “Man is not merely a rational being, he is also an emotional being” , which implies some sort of dichotomy, as if, in effect, man possessed a dual nature, with one part in opposition to the other. In fact, however, the content of man՚s emotions is the product of his rational faculty;

his emotions are a derivative and a consequence, which, like all of man՚s other psychological characteristics, cannot be understood without reference to the conceptual power of his consciousness. As man՚s tool of survival, reasons have two basic functions: cognition and evaluation. The process of cognition consists of discovering what things are, of identifying their nature, their attributes and properties. The process of evaluation consists of man discovering the relationship of things to himself, of identifying what is beneficial to him and what is harmful, what should be sought and what should be avoided. “A value is that which one acts to gain and/or keep.”

It is that which one regards as conducive to one՚s welfare. A value is the object of an action. Since man must act in order to live, and since reality confronts him with many possible goals, many alternative courses of action, he cannot escape the necessity of selecting values and making value judgements. “Value” is a concept pertaining to a relation – the relation of some aspect of reality to man (or to some other living entity) . If a man regards a things (a person, an object, an event, mental state, etc.) as good for him, as beneficial in some way, he values it and, when possible and appropriate, seeks to acquire, retain and use or enjoy it; if a man regards a thing as bad for him, as inimical or harmful in some way, he disvalues it – and seeks to avoid or destroy it. If he regards a thing as of no significance to him, as neither beneficial nor harmful, he is indifferent to it – and takes no action in regard to it.

Although his life and well-being depend on a man selecting values that are in fact good for him, i.e.. , consonant with his nature and needs, conducive to his continued efficacious functioning, there are no internal or external forces compelling him to do so. Nature leaves him free in this matter. As a being of volitional consciousness, he is not biologically “programmed” to make the right value-choices automatically. He may select values that are incompatible with his needs and inimical to his well-being, values that lead him to suffering and destruction. But whether his values are life-serving or life-negating, it is a man՚s values that direct his actions. Values constitute man՚s basic motivational tie to reality. In existential terms, man՚s basic alternative of “for me” or “against me” , which gives rise to the issue of values, is the alternative of life or death.

But this is an adult, conceptual identification. As a child, a human being first encounters the issue of values through the experience of physical sensations of pleasure and pain. To a conscious organism, pleasure is experienced, axiomatically, as a value; pain, as disvalue. The biological reason for this is the fact that pleasure is a life-enhancing state and that pain is a signal of danger, of some disruption of the normal life process. There is another basic alternative, in the realm of consciousness, through which a child encounters the issue of values, of the desirable and the undesirable. It pertains to his cognitive relations to reality.

Question 1 (1 of 5 Based on Passage)

Question MCQ▾

The author subtly suggests that …

Choices

Choice (4)Response

a.

there is a dual nature in man.

b.

there is dichotomy between man as an emotional being and man as a rational being.

c.

there should be no dichotomy between man as a rational being and man as an emotional being.

d.

man՚s emotions cannot be understood.

Edit

Question 2 (2 of 5 Based on Passage)

Question MCQ▾

The biological basis of choosing efficacy as a value …

Choices

Choice (4)Response

a.

cannot be understood easily.

b.

is the relationship of efficacy to survival.

c.

is the association of efficacy to pleasure.

d.

is the biological relationship to cognition.

Edit

Question 3 (3 of 5 Based on Passage)

Question MCQ▾

The author defines value as …

Choices

Choice (4)Response

a.

something that results in good.

b.

something that is chosen by man.

c.

that which gives pleasure over pain.

d.

that which increases efficacy.

Edit

Question 4 (4 of 5 Based on Passage)

Question MCQ▾

The basic theme of the passage is that …

Choices

Choice (4)Response

a.

man can choose his own values, irrespective of whether they are life-sustaining or not.

b.

man chooses values that are life-sustaining.

c.

values are given to man on account of his emotive process.

d.

emotions and rationality are derived from each other.

Edit