Geomorphology (169)

Fundamental Concepts (27)

• 1
• Themes of Geographical Studies
• Divisions of Geography
• 2
• Latitude and Longitudes
• Latitude and Longitudes: Heat Zones of Earth
• 3
• Common Terms
• Kepler՚s Three Laws and Solstice and Equinox
• 4
• Change of Seasons: Effect of Rotation
• Geological Time Scale: Anthropocene
• 5
• Major Subsystems of Earth: the “spheres” : Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Cryosphere, Atmosphere, Biosphere
• What is Geomorphology and Thornbury՚s Concepts
• 6
• Fundamentals of Geomagnetism: Introduction, Origin: Dynamo Theory
• Fundamentals of Geomagnetism: Important Concepts
• 7
• Fundamentals of Geomagnetism: Geomagnetic Models, IGRF and WMM Models, Paleomagnetism
• Fundamentals of Geomagnetism: Geomagnetic Reversals, Magnetic Field Detection
• 8
• Supercontinents
• Ground Water: Introduction, Types of Water
• 9
• Ground Water: Zones of Underground Water
• Ground Water: Aquifers, Water Table
• 10
• Ground Water: Movement of Groundwater
• Ground Water: Factors Affecting Groundwater Flow
• 11
• Ground Water: Factors Affecting Ground Water Presence
• Aeolian Landforms: Types of Deserts
• 12
• Aeolian Landforms: Methods of Wind Erosion, Wind Transportation
• Aeolian Landforms: Erosional Landforms
• 13
• Aeolian Landforms: Depositional Landforms
• Relationship of Geography with Other Disciplines: Introduction, Interactions or Relations with Other Sciences, Branches of Geography
• 14
• Relationship of Geography with Other Disciplines: Relations with Social Sciences

Factors Controlling Landform Development (2)

• 1
• Rotation and Revolution
• Factors Controlling Landform Development

Endogenetic and Exogenetic Forces (3)

• 1
• Endogenetic and Exogenetic Forces: Definitions, Forces Affecting Earth՚s Crust
• Endogenetic and Exogenetic Forces: Folds
• 2
• Endogenetic and Exogenetic Forces: Faults

Denudation Process (2)

• 1
• Denudation Chronology and Erosion Surfaces: Denudation Chronology
• Denudation Chronology and Erosion Surfaces: Erosion Surfaces

Geosynclines (6)

• 1
• Geosynclines: Concept
• Geosynclines: Cratons and Geosynclines
• 2
• Geosynclines: Anatomy of an Orogenic Belt
• Geosynclines: Mechanism of Formation of Mountains from Geosynclines, Important Geosynclines
• 3
• Geosynclines: Evolution of Geosyncline
• Geosynclines: Types of Geosyncline

Mountain Building (3)

• 1
• Mountain Building: Classification of Mountains
• Mountain Building: Theories of Mountain Building or Orogeny Part - 1
• 2
• Mountain Building: Theories of Mountain Building or Orogeny Part - 2

Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics (9)

• 1
• Continental Drift
• Continental Drift: Basis of Evidence
• 2
• Continental Drift: Premises and Mechanism of Continental Drift
• Continental Drift: Process of the Theory
• 3
• Continental Drift: Criticism of Wegener՚s Theory, Wegener՚s Theory Superseded by Plate Tectonics and Sea Floor Spreading
• Plate Tectonics: Introduction, Historical Evolution of Concept
• 4
• Plate Tectonics: Structural Elements of Plate Tectonics, Processes in Plate Tectonics
• Plate Tectonics: Plate Boundaries
• 5
• Plate Tectonics: Mountain Building Due to Plate Tectonics

Concept of Geomorphic Cycle (24)

• 1
• Sea Floor Spreading (Harry Hess)
• Sea Floor Spreading (Harry Hess) : Process of Sea Floor Spreading
• 2
• Sea Floor Spreading (Harry Hess) : Evidences for Sea Floor Spreading, Rate of Sea Floor Spreading, Sea Floor Spreading with Continental Drift
• Wilson՚s Cycle and Supercontinents: Main Driving Force
• 3
• Wilson՚s Cycle and Supercontinents: Wilson Cycle
• Wilson՚s Cycle and Supercontinents: Supercontinent Cycle
• 4
• Geomorphic Cycles: Major Developments, Major Terms
• Geomorphic Cycles: Davis Cycle of Erosion
• 5
• Geomorphic Cycles: Penck՚s Cycle of Erosion
• Geomorphic Cycles: King՚s Cycle of Erosion (Cycle of Pediplanation)
• 6
• Geomorphic Cycles: Gilbert՚s Theory and Laws of Erosion
• Geomorphic Cycles: John T. Hack՚s Dynamic Equilibrium: Application of Gilbert՚s Theory
• 7
• Geomorphic Cycles: Frank Ahnert՚s Model, Morisawa՚s Theory
• Geomorphic Cycles: Michael J. Kirkby՚s Model
• 8
• Geomorphic Cycles: S. a. Schumm՚s Episodic Theory of Geomorphic Thresholds
• Geomorphic Cycles: Strahler՚s Quantitative Theory
• 9
• Geomorphic Cycles: Renwick՚s Theory: System՚s Approach
• Geomorphic Cycles: Malanson՚s Chaos Theory
• 10
• Peltier՚s Morphogenetic Regions & Cycles
• Peltier՚s Morphogenetic Regions & Cycles: Step 1: Distribution of Weathering & Erosion Across Climates
• 11
• Peltier՚s Morphogenetic Regions & Cycles: Step 2: 9 Morphogenetic Regimes
• Peltier՚s Morphogenetic Regions & Cycles: Step 3: 7 Morphological or Geographic Cycles
• 12
• Polygenetic Topography: Examples of Slopes in Missouri
• Geomorphology: Major Terms

Fluvial Landforms (9)

• 1
• Fluvial Landforms: Drainage Basins
• Fluvial Landforms: Discordant Drainage Patterns
• 2
• Fluvial Landforms: Accordant Drainage Patterns
• Fluvial Landforms: Continental Divides
• 3
• Fluvial Landforms: River Flow Characteristics
• Fluvial Landforms: River Processes
• 4
• Fluvial Landforms: Erosional Landforms
• Fluvial Landforms: Depositional Landforms
• 5
• Fluvial Landforms: Erosional-Depositional Landforms

Glacial Landforms (9)

• 1
• Glacial Landforms: Snowline, Zones of Glacier
• Glacial Landforms: Glacier Creation and Melting: Processes and Features
• 2
• Glacial Landforms: Erosional Landforms
• Glacial Landforms: Depositional Landforms
• 3
• Periglacial Landscapes: Permafrost
• Periglacial Landscapes: Ground Ice
• 4
• Periglacial Landscapes: Periglacial Landforms
• Peltier՚s Periglacial Cycle: Important Terms Used in the Cycle, Stages of the Periglacial Cycle
• 5
• Peltier՚s Periglacial Cycle: Evidence for Periglacial Cycle

Coastal Landforms (5)

• 1
• Coastal Landforms: Types of Coastlines
• Coastal Landforms: Mechanism of Wave and Motion
• 2
• Coastal Landforms: Sea Waves Processes
• Coastal Landforms: Erosional Landforms
• 3
• Coastal Landforms: Depositional Landforms

Karst Landforms (5)

• 1
• Karst Landforms: Essential Conditions for Karst Topography
• Karst Landforms: Factors Affecting Karst Landforms
• 2
• Karst Landforms: Erosional Landforms
• Karst Landforms: Depositional Landforms
• 3
• Karst Landforms: 3 Classes of Cave Sculpturing Process, Theories of Speleogenesis

Slope Forms and Processes (6)

• 1
• Slope Development: Elements of Hill Slope Profile (a. Wood)
• Slope Development: 9-Unit Slope Model
• 2
• Slope Development: Classification of Slope
• Slope Development: Approaches to Slope Development
• 3
• Slope Development: Models of Slope Evolutheory Gives the Type of Slope Evolution Tion
• Slope Development: Slope Failure

Environmental and Applied Geomorphology (1)

• 1
• Applied Geomorphology

Rocks and Its Types (2)

• 1
• Rocks and Their Types: Igneous Rocks
• Rocks and Their Types: Sedimentary Rocks

Origin of Earth and Astronomy (39)

• 1
• Solar System and Celestial Bodies
• Milankovitch Cycles and Glaciation
• 2
• Glacial and Interglacial Periods: Glacial Periods, Alpine Glacial, Gagel Periods, Causes of Glaciation, Consequences of Ice-Age
• Mass Extinctions: Big -5 Mass Extinctions, Sixth Mass Extinction or Holocene Extinction
• 3
• Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth
• Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Lowthian Green Tetrahedron Theory
• 4
• Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Gaseous Mass Theory
• Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Nebular Hypothesis
• 5
• Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Planetesimal Hypothesis
• Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Nebular Versus Planetesimal Hypothesis, Tidal Hypothesis of Jeans and Jeffreys
• 6
• Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Differences between Planetesimal and Tidal Hypothesis, Otto Schmidt՚s Inter-stellar Dust Cloud Hypothesis
• Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Differences between Tidal and Dust Cloud Hypothesis, Nova Hypothesis of Hoyle and Lyttleton
• 7
• Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Binary Star Hypothesis of Russell, Big Bang Theory
• Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Steady State Theory, Electromagnetic Theory of Hannas Alfven
• 8
• Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Dust Gas Cloud Theory of Weizsacker, Other Theories
• Physical Conditions of Earth՚s Interior
• 9
• Physical Conditions of Earth՚s Interior: General Layers of Earth, Mechanical Division
• Physical Conditions of Earth՚s Interior: Holmes Classification, Van De Gracht՚s Classification, Daly՚s Classification, Jeffreys՚ Classification
• 10
• Weathering: Characteristics of Weathering
• Weathering: Functions of Weathering, Factors Affecting Weathering
• 11
• Weathering: Forces in Weathering
• Weathering: Types of Weathering Part - 1
• 12
• Weathering: Types of Weathering Part - 2, Importance of Weathering
• Erosion: Agents of Erosion
• 13
• Erosion: Differences between Weathering and Erosion
• Isostasy: History
• 14
• Isostasy: Dutton՚s Theory, Airy Hypothesis
• Isostasy: Pratt Hypothesis, Anti-Root Hypothesis by R. a. Daly
• 15
• Isostasy: Heiskanen՚s Theory, Critics of Isostasy
• Isostasy: Vening-Meinesz or Flexural Isostasy
• 16
• Isostasy: Airy-Woollard Isostasy Model, Thermal or Pratt-Thermal Isostasy Model
• Tsunamis: Physical Characteristics of Tsunami, Properties of Tsunami Waves
• 17
• Tsunamis: Scales of Intensity and Magnitude, Causes of Tsunami
• Tsunamis: Hazards of Tsunamis, Prediction and Early Warning
• 18
• Channel Morphology: Introduction
• Channel Morphology: Channel Geometry, Channel Fluid Dynamics
• 19
• Channel Morphology: Hydraulic Geometry
• Channel Morphology: Channel Bed Topography
• 20
• Channel Morphology: Channel Types

Landform Occurrence and Causes of Geomorphic Hazards (17)

• 1
• Vulcanicity: Causes of Volcanic Activities
• Vulcanicity: Structure of Volcano, Volcanic Features
• 2
• Vulcanicity: Constituents of Volcanic Eruptions
• Vulcanicity: Classification of Volcanoes
• 3
• Vulcanicity: Devastations Due to Volcanoes, Benefits from Volcanoes
• Vulcanicity: Distribution of Volcanoes, Major Volcanoes
• 4
• Earthquakes: Important Definitions
• Earthquakes: Causes of Earthquake
• 5
• Earthquakes: Types of Seismic Waves
• Earthquakes: Distribution
• 6
• Earthquakes: Measuring Strength of Earthquakes
• Earthquakes: Intensity of Earthquake, Impact of Earthquakes, Remedial Measures
• 7
• Mass Wasting (Landslides) : Causes of Mass Wasting
• Mass Wasting (Landslides) : Types of Mass Wasting
• 8
• Mass Wasting (Landslides) : Flows
• Mass Wasting (Landslides) : Landslides
• 9
• Mass Wasting (Landslides) : Mass Wasting in Cold Climates

Climatology (84)

Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere (14)

• 1
• Climatology and Composition of Atmosphere, Gaseous Concentration
• Atmospheric Structure: Thermal Structure of Atmosphere
• 2
• Atmospheric Structure: Magneto-Electronic Structure
• Atmospheric Structure: Magnetosphere
• 3
• Weather and Climate: Weather
• Weather and Climate: Climate, Differences between Weather and Climate
• 4
• Clouds and Their Types: Clouds
• Clouds and Their Types: Types of Clouds
• 5
• Clouds and Their Types: Meteorological Method for Describing Sky Conditions (Cloudiness)
• Clouds and Their Types: Differentiating Dew, Fog, Frost, Haze, & Smog
• 6
• Kelvin and Rossby Waves: Kelvin Waves
• Climatology: Major Terms Part - 1
• 7
• Climatology: Major Terms Part - 2
• Climatology: Major Terms Part - 3

Heat Budget of the Earth (4)

• 1
• Ultra-Violet Radiation
• Energy Budget: Incoming Energy
• 2
• Energy Budget: Outgoing Energy
• Energy Budget: Surface Radiation, Heat Transfer in Ocean

Temperature, Pressure and Winds (18)

• 1
• Temperature: Insolation
• Temperature: Heat Transfer, Latent Heat
• 2
• Temperature: Dry-Bulb & Wet-Bulb Temperature and Dew Point, Lapse Rate
• Temperature: Lifted Condensation Level (LCL) , Temperature Inversion
• 3
• Temperature: Vertical Temperature by Altitude, Factors Affecting Horizontal Distribution of Temperature
• Temperature: Scales of Temperature
• 4
• Pressure: Measuring Atmospheric Pressure
• Pressure: Vertical Distribution of Pressure
• 5
• Pressure: Horizontal Distribution of Pressure
• Pressure: Types of Highs and Lows, Meteorological Terms Describing Low Pressure
• 6
• Lightning and Thunderstorm: Lightning, Downburst
• Lightning and Thunderstorm: Thunderstorms
• 7
• Atmospheric Circulation: Convergence and Divergence, Factors Affecting Wind Speed
• Atmospheric Circulation: Wind Shifts, Latitudinal Circulation Models
• 8
• Atmospheric Circulation: Longitudinal Circulation Features, Important High and Low Pressure Areas
• Planetary Winds and Local Winds: Planetary or Permanent Winds
• 9
• Planetary Winds and Local Winds: Local Winds
• Planetary Winds and Local Winds: Eddies

Monsoons and Jet Streams (5)

• 1
• Jet Streams: Formation of Jet Streams
• Jet Streams: Important Jet Streams
• 2
• Monsoons: Introduction, Mechanism of Monsoons
• Monsoons: Monsoons in Various Continents, Effects of Monsoons
• 3
• Zonal & Meridional Anomalies in Monsoon

Stability and Instability of the Atmosphere (4)

• 1
• Atmospheric Stability and Instability: Stability in Saturated and Unsaturated Air, Atmospheric Stability
• Atmospheric Stability and Instability: Atmospheric Instability
• 2
• Atmospheric Stability and Instability: Types of Stability and Instability
• Atmospheric Stability and Instability: Representing Air Stability (Tephigram)

Air-Masses (2)

• 1
• Air Masses: Characteristics of Air Mass, Origin of Air Mass
• Air Masses: Classification of Air Mass, Criticism of Air Mass Concept

Fronts, Temperate and Tropical Cyclones (13)

• 1
• Fronts: Introduction, Locating Front on Map
• Fronts: Characteristics of Fronts, Creation and Destruction of Fronts
• 2
• Fronts: Classification of Fronts
• Cyclones: Introduction
• 3
• Cyclones: Temperate Cyclones
• Cyclones: Tropical Cyclones
• 4
• Cyclones: Classification of Cyclones Based on Size, Effects of Cyclones, Benefits of Cyclones
• Cyclones: Management of Cyclones, Cyclone Warning Bulletins for Sea Conditions
• 5
• Cyclones: Temperate Versus Tropical Cyclones
• Anticyclones: Formation of Anticyclones
• 6
• Anticyclones: Forces and Wind Movement in Anticyclones, Types of Anticyclones
• Anticyclones: Difference between Cold and Warm Anticyclone, Effect of Anticyclones
• 7
• Anticyclones: Differences between Anticyclone and Cyclone

Types and Distribution of Precipitation (5)

• 1
• Humidity: Saturation
• Humidity: Types of Humidity, Measurement and Control of Humidity
• 2
• Precipitation: Forms of Precipitation
• Precipitation: Mechanism of Precipitation
• 3
• Precipitation: Geographical Distribution of Precipitation, Measurement of Rainfall

Classification of World Climates (5)

• 1
• Climatic Classification: Climate Classification Systems, Koppen՚s Classification
• Climatic Classification: Thornthwaite՚s Classification
• 2
• Climatic Classification: Trewartha՚s Classification, Bergeron Genetic Classification
• Climatic Classification: Spatial Synoptic Classification System (sSC) , Troll՚s Classification, Hargreaves՚ Classification
• 3
• Climatic Classification: Climatic Regions of the World

Hydrological Cycle (1)

• 1
• Hydrological Cycle: Processes in Hydrological Cycle

ENSO Events (El Nino, La Nina and Southern Oscillations) (2)

• 1
• Walker Circulation
• Walker Circulation: Other Important Phenomenon

Meteorological Hazards and Disasters (1)

• 1
• Ultra-Violet Radiation: UV Index & Recommended Protections, Factors Affecting UV Radiation Reaching Earth

Climate Change: Evidences and Causes of Climatic Change in the Past (7)

• 1
• Global Climatic Change: Causes of Climate Change
• Global Climatic Change: Historical Climatic Changes
• 2
• Global Climatic Change: Present Climatic Changes
• Global Climatic Change: Methods to Detect & Determine Climatic Change
• 3
• Urban Climate: Factors Affecting Urban Climate
• Urban Climate: Urban Climatic Conditions
• 4
• Urban Climate: Urban Climate Change in Phoenix, Arizona, Steps to Improve Urban Climate, Urban Microclimates

Human Impact on Global Climate (3)

• 1
• Applied Climatology: Definitions, History of Applied Climatology
• Applied Climatology: Factors Favoring Development of Applied Climatology, Applications of Climatology
• 2
• Smog and Acid Rain

Oceanography (58)

Origin of Ocean Basins (5)

• 1
• Ocean Topography: Origin of Ocean Basins, Topography of the Ocean Basins
• Ocean Topography: Oceanic Layers
• 2
• Ocean Acidification: Mechanism
• Oceanography: Major Terms Part - 1
• 3
• Oceanography: Major Terms Part - 2

Bottom Relief of Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (7)

• 1
• Major Oceans: Atlantic Ocean
• Major Oceans: Pacific Ocean
• 2
• Major Oceans: Indian Ocean
• Water Masses: Surface or Near Surface Water Masses
• 3
• Water Masses: Intermediate Water
• Water Masses: Deep and Bottom Water Masses
• 4
• Marine Resources: Biotic Resources

Ocean Deposits (4)

• 1
• Ocean Deposits: Classification of Deposits Based on Source
• Ocean Deposits: Classification Based on Sediments, Classification Based on Location of Deposits, Classification on Basis of Location by Murray, Classification by Jenkins
• 2
• Marine Resources: Mineral Resources, Energy Resources
• Coral Bleaching: Impact of Coral Bleaching, Coral Bleaching Events

Coral Reefs (6)

• 1
• Coral Reefs: Types of Corals, Conditions of Growth
• Coral Reefs: Types of Coral Reefs
• 2
• Coral Reefs: Theories of Origin of Coral Reefs
• Coral Bleaching: Causes of Coral Bleaching
• 3
• Coral Bleaching: Clive Wilkinson՚s Report on Coral Bleaching
• Coral Reefs and Coral Bleaching

Temperature and Salinity of the Oceans (9)

• 1
• Temperature: Important Facts on Ocean Temperature, Temperature Depth Profile
• Temperature: Sea Surface Temperature and Diurnal Variations, Heat Budget of Ocean
• 2
• Temperature: Sea Surface Temperature and Diurnal Variations
• Temperature: Heat Budget of Ocean
• 3
• Salinity
• Salinity: Factors Affecting Salinity
• 4
• Salinity: Effects of Higher Salinity, Concept of Brine Rejection
• Salinity: Halocline: Change in Salinity with Depth, Salinity Difference between River and Sea Water
• 5
• Water Masses: Temperature-salinity (T-s) Curves

Density of Sea Water (4)

• 1
• Density: Variation in Density with Salinity and Temperature
• Density: Pycnocline, Freezing of Ice
• 2
• Thermohaline Circulation (THC) : from Density Differences to Circulation
• Thermohaline Circulation (THC) : Movement in THC, Impact of THC on Climate

Tides and Ocean Currents (11)

• 1
• Waves: Characteristics of Waves
• Waves: Breaking Waves
• 2
• Currents: Coriolis Effect, Characteristics of Ocean Current
• Currents: Causes of Ocean Currents, Effects of Ocean Currents
• 3
• Currents: Types of Current
• Currents: Major Ocean Currents
• 4
• Tides: Factors Affecting Tides
• Tides: Direct and Opposing Tides (Due to Centrifugal Force) , Mediums of Tides
• 5
• Tides: Stages of Oceanic Tide, Classification of Tides
• Mechanism of Water Circulation: Gyres and Geostrophic Flow
• 6
• Mechanism of Water Circulation: Sverdrup՚s Views, Stommel՚s Views, Munk՚s Views

Sea-Level Changes (6)

• 1
• Sea-Level Changes: Measures of Sea Level, Causes of Sea Level Change
• Sea-Level Changes: Global Sea Level Rise
• 2
• Law of the Sea: UNCLOs I, UNCLOs II
• Law of the Sea: UNCLOs III
• 3
• Marine Pollution: Introduction, Harmful Effects of Marine Pollution, Sources and Effects of Marine Pollution
• Marine Pollution: Specific Examples (Causes and Effects)

Hazards: Tsunami and Cyclone (6)

• 1
• Waves: Factors Influencing Wind Waves Formation
• Waves: Movement in Waves
• 2
• Waves: Transition of Waves in Shallow Waters
• Waves: Beaufort Wind Force Scale, Waves on Earth
• 3
• Waves: Tsunamis, Seiche
• Mechanism of Water Circulation: Ekman Spiral, Ekman Transport

Bio-Geography (145)

Distribution of Plants and Animals (17)

• 1
• Global Distribution of Plants and Animals: Biogeographical Regionalization
• Global Distribution of Plants and Animals: Factors Affecting Global Distribution of Plants and Animals
• 2
• Global Distribution of Plants and Animals: Distribution of Plants and Animals
• Distribution of Terrestrial Plants (Floristic Kingdoms)
• 3
• Distribution of Terrestrial Plants (Floristic Kingdoms) : Classification by Ronald Good
• Distribution of Terrestrial Plants (Floristic Kingdoms) : Engler Classification, Newbigin Classification
• 4
• Distribution of Terrestrial Plants (Floristic Kingdoms) : Takhtajan Classification
• Distribution of Terrestrial Plants (Floristic Kingdoms) : Udvardy՚s Classification, Classification of Plants Based on Environmental Conditions
• 5
• Distribution of Terrestrial and Avian Animals (Faunal Realms) : Merriam՚s Classification, Sclater՚s Classification
• Distribution of Terrestrial and Avian Animals (Faunal Realms) : Wallace Distribution
• 6
• Distribution of Terrestrial and Avian Animals (Faunal Realms) : Karl P. Schmidt Distribution, Cox Classification
• Distribution of Terrestrial and Avian Animals (Faunal Realms) : Kuschel՚s Classification, Smith՚ Classification, Proches Classification, Kreft and Jetz Classification
• 7
• Distribution of Terrestrial and Avian Animals (Faunal Realms) : Proches and Ramdhani Classification, Classification of Animals Based on Environmental Conditions
• Distribution of Aquatic Plants and Animals: Sven Ekman՚s Classification, Forbes Classification
• 8
• Distribution of Aquatic Plants and Animals: Schmarda՚s Classification
• Other Biogeographic Classifications: Major Genecenters (Vavilov Centers of Diversity)
• 9
• Other Biogeographic Classifications: MacArthur and Wilson՚s Method, Rapoport՚s Classification, Pielou՚s Classification, Muller՚s Classification, Morrone՚s Classification

Forms and Functions of Ecosystem (27)

• 1
• Principles of Ecology: Ecology
• Principles of Ecology: Ecological Hierarchy
• 2
• Principles of Ecology: Ecosystem
• Principles of Ecology: Classification of Ecosystem
• 3
• Principles of Ecology: Food Chain and Food Web
• Principles of Ecology: Energy Flow and Pyramids
• 4
• Principles of Ecology: Productivity
• Principles of Ecology: Nutrient Cycles or Biogeochemical Cycles
• 5
• Principles of Ecology: Biomagnification
• Principles of Ecology: Ecological Succession
• 6
• Appendices and Appendix I: Glossary of Major Geographic Terms (a to B)
• Appendices and Appendix I: Glossary of Major Geographic Terms (C)
• 7
• Appendices and Appendix I: Glossary of Major Geographic Terms (D & E)
• Appendices and Appendix I: Glossary of Major Geographic Terms (F & G)
• 8
• Appendices and Appendix I: Glossary of Major Geographic Terms (H to K)
• Appendices and Appendix I: Glossary of Major Geographic Terms (L to N)
• 9
• Appendices and Appendix I: Glossary of Major Geographic Terms (O to R)
• Appendices and Appendix I: Glossary of Major Geographic Terms (s to U)
• 10
• Appendices and Appendix I: Glossary of Major Geographic Terms (V to Z)
• Appendix II: Units and Measurements: Basic Terms
• 11
• Concepts and Components of Environment
• History and Development of Environmental Studies
• 12
• Approaches to Environmental Studies
• Energy Flow in Ecosystem
• 13
• Ecological Pyramid: Ecosystem Ecology
• Ecological Pyramid: Ecosystem Productivity, Ecological Pyramid, Critique
• 14
• Biogeochemical Cycles

Bio-Diversity and Its Depletion (12)

• 1
• Deforestation: Causes of Deforestation, Problems of Deforestation
• Deforestation: Conservation of Forests
• 2
• Deforestation: Notable Efforts
• Biogeography: Major Terms Part - 1
• 3
• Biogeography: Major Terms Part - 2
• Human Ecological Changes: Acclimatization, Effect of Limiting Factors on Organisms: Liebig՚s, Shelford՚s and Blackman՚s Laws
• 4
• Human Ecological Changes: Classification of Human Changes
• Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Reduction in Biodiversity (Levels, Importance & Threat)
• 5
• Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Reduction in Biodiversity (IUCN & Indian Scenario)
• Environmental Geography: Major Terms
• 6
• Concepts, Types and Distribution of Biodiversity
• Biodiversity Hotspots and Hope Spots

Conservation and Management of Ecosystems (28)

• 1
• Social Forestry: Elements of Social Forestry
• Social Forestry: Objectives and Benefits of Social Forestry
• 2
• Social Forestry: Species Used for Social Forestry
• Social Forestry: Types of Social Forestry
• 3
• Social Forestry: Constraints of Social Forestry
• Agro-Forestry: Choice of Trees in Agro-Forestry
• 4
• Agro-Forestry: Characteristics of Agro-Forestry, Aim of Agro-Forestry
• Agro-Forestry: Types of Agro-Forestry, Benefits of Agro-Forestry
• 5
• Agro-Forestry: Limitations of Agro-Forestry
• Agro-Forestry Versus Social Forestry:
• 6
• Human Ecological Changes: Adaptation, Heritable Traits (vs. Inherited Traits)
• Influence of Man on Ecology and Environment and Environmental Ethics: Objectives of Environmental Ethics
• 7
• Environmental Ethics: Approaches to Environmental Ethics
• Deep Ecology
• 8
• Deep Ecology: Objectives of Deep Ecology, Four Pillars of Deep Ecology, Criticism of Deep Ecology
• Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Conserving Biodiversity
• 9
• Environmental Management: Environmental Education
• Environmental Management: Environmental Policy and Legislation (National Efforts, Convention and Agreements)
• 10
• Environmental Management: Environmental Policy and Legislation (BioFin, Nairobi Declaration)
• Environmental Management: Earth Summit, Environmental Management
• 11
• Environmental Management: Environmental Management Theories
• Environmental Management: International Council for Science (ICsU)
• 12
• Environmental Management: DIVERsITAs, International Geosphere-Biosphere Program
• Environmental Management: International Human Dimensions Program, World Climate Research Program
• 13
• Man, Environment Relationship
• Wetlands and Mangroves
• 14
• IUCN and Red List
• Environmental Education

Environmental Hazards and Problems of Pollution (26)

• 1
• Deforestation: Extent of Deforestation
• Diseases Ecology: Ways for Disease Prevention and Control
• 2
• Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Climate Change
• Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Marrakesh Action Proclamation for Our Climate and Sustainable Development
• 3
• Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Global Ecological Imbalances
• Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Greenhouse Effect
• 4
• Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Global Warming
• Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Glacial Lake Outbursts Floods (GLOF) & Jokulhlaup
• 5
• Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Millennium Development Goals (MDG՚s)
• Human Actions Detrimental to Environment: Summary of Anthropogenic Problems
• 6
• Human Actions Detrimental to Environment: Classification of Human Actions
• Pollution: Introduction to Pollution, Pollutants
• 7
• Pollution: Cause of Pollution
• Pollution: Soil and Land Pollution
• 8
• Pollution: Water Pollution
• Pollution: Air Pollution
• 9
• Pollution: Radioactive Pollution
• Pollution: Pollution Control
• 10
• Environmental Degradation: Global Consumption Patterns, Sources and Causes of Degradation
• Environmental Management: Environmental Conservation, Environmental Restoration
• 11
• Air Pollution
• Desertification
• 12
• Water Pollution
• Deforestation and Man and Animal Conflict in India
• 13
• Environmental Pollution
• Types of Pollution

Ozone Depletion (1)

• 1
• Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Ozone Depletion

Soil Structure and Formation (20)

• 1
• Soil
• Soil Profile: Master Horizons
• 2
• Soil Profile: Horizon Numbering and Suffixes, Main Soil Layers
• Soil Characteristics: Soil-structure
• 3
• Soil Characteristics: Texture and Size
• Soil Characteristics: Available Moisture and Porosity
• 4
• Soil Characteristics: Color (Munsell System)
• Soil Characteristics: Permeability
• 5
• Soil Characteristics: Soil Depth
• Soil Characteristics: Acidity
• 6
• Soil Characteristics: Drainage
• Soil Characteristics: Mineral Content
• 7
• Soil Characteristics: Organic Content, Soil Microorganism
• Genesis of Soils: Factors Affecting Soil Formation
• 8
• Genesis of Soils: Soil Forming Process
• Classification and Distribution of Soils: Zonal Classification
• 9
• Classification and Distribution of Soils: UsA Soil Taxonomy: UsDA Scheme
• Soil Erosion and Conservation: Soil Erosion, Effects of Soil Erosion
• 10
• Soil Erosion and Conservation: Method of Soil Conservation
• Soil Erosion, Soil Exhaustion and Soil Conservation

National Programmes and Policies: Legal Framework, Environmental Policy, International Treaties (11)

• 1
• Environment and Human Health: Five Disciplines of Environmental Health, Efforts
• Sustainable Resource Development: Concepts and Dimensions: Definition, Why Sustainable Development? Measures for Sustainable Development
• 2
• Sustainable Resource Development: Concepts and Dimensions: Dimensions of Sustainable Development
• Sustainable Resource Development: Concepts and Dimensions: Sustainable Developmental Goals and Interlink Ages, India and Sustainability Development
• 3
• Conservation of Biodiversity Act, 2002: Loss & Cause, Conservation & BiCCI
• Environmental Movements, Chipko, Narmada and Silent Valley Movement
• 4
• Major Environmental Policies and Programmes
• Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
• 5
• Forest Conservation Act, 1980
• National Green Tribunal Act, 2010
• 6
• Conservation of Biodiversity Act, 2002: Necessity, Threats of Biodiversity, Objectives, Salient Features, Proposed Institutional Mechanism, Activities for Permission, Weakness, Criticism

International Programmes and Polices (3)

• 1
• Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: 2030 Development Agenda
• the Stockholm Convention
• 2
• International Conventions: the Earth Summit, Rio Declaration and Agenda 21

History of Geographic Thought (181)

Ancient Geographical Knowledge (43)

• 1
• Main Stages of Geographical Development: Ancient Developments
• Main Stages of Geographical Development: Middle Ages, Early Modern Times
• 2
• Main Stages of Geographical Development: Founders of Modern Geography
• Main Stages of Geographical Development: New Directions
• 3
• Main Stages of Geographical Development: the Present, the Future
• Evolution of Geography: Infantile Stage, Childhood Stage, Adolescent Stage, Maturity
• 4
• Ancient Geography: Greek Contribution
• Ancient Geography: Roman Contribution
• 5
• Ancient Geography: Dark Ages in Europe
• Ancient Geography: Indian Contribution- History of Mapping of India, Works of Major Indian Scholars
• 6
• Ancient Geography: Indian Contribution - Concepts on Origin of Earth, Ancient Indian Geographical Concepts, Different Views of Indologists & Western Scholars
• Ancient Geography: Indian Contribution - Ancient Indian Geographical Concepts, Major Rivers (Rigveda)
• 7
• Ancient Geography: Indian Contribution - Ancient Indian Geographical Concepts, Major Regions (Rigveda)
• Ancient Geography: Indian Contribution - Ancient Indian Geographical Concepts, Latitudes (Akshansa) & Longitudes (Deshantra) , Directions, Climate, Earthquakes (Bhukampas)
• 8
• Ancient Geography: Indian Contribution - Ancient Indian Geographical Concepts, Astronomy, Spatial Distribution of Tribes, Spatial Distribution of Tribes in Early Vedic Period, Spatial Distribution of Tribes in Later Vedic Period. Major Birds & Animals, Plants
• Ancient Geography: Indian Contribution - Ancient Indian Cosmological Concepts: Structure of Vedic Universe, Geographical vs. Cosmological Views of Ancient Indian Texts, the Sphere of Universe
• 9
• Ancient Geography: Indian Contribution - Ancient Indian Cosmological Concepts: Structure of Vedic Universe, Details of Bhuloka
• Ancient Geography: Indian Contribution - Ancient Indian Cosmological Concepts: Structure of Vedic Universe, Details of Jambudvipa According to Puranic Views, Bhuloka & Jambudvipa According to Jainism
• 10
• Ancient Geography: Indian Contribution - Ancient Indian Cosmological Concepts: Structure of Vedic Universe, Bhuloka & Jambudvipa According to Buddhism, Puranic Concepts & Modern Geographical Features, Puranic History of Name Bharat
• Ancient Geography: Arab Contribution
• 11
• Ancient Geography: Chinese Contributions- Important Geographical Milestones in China
• Ancient Geography: Chinese Contributions- 5 Types of Chinese Geography, Chinese Geography & Astronomy, Chinese Cartography
• 12
• Ancient Geography: Chinese Contributions- Important Chinese Contributors to Geography
• Human Geography: Major Terms Part-1
• 13
• Human Geography: Major Terms Part-2
• Scholars: Nationality, Views and Concepts
• 14
• Major Geographers and Their Contributions (Part-1)
• Major Geographers and Their Contributions (Part-2)
• 15
• Major Geographers and Their Contributions (Part-3)
• Major GeographAll Works Are Lost Except Some Which Are Preserved in Hipparchu Ers and Their Contributions (Part-4)
• 16
• Major Geographers and Their Contributions (Part-5)
• Major Geographers and Their Contributions (Part-6)
• 17
• Major Geographers and Their Contributions (Part-7)
• Major Geographers and Their Contributions (Part-8)
• 18
• Major Geographers and Their Contributions (Part-9)
• Major Geographers and Their Contributions (Part-10)
• 19
• Major Geographers and Their Contributions (Part-11)
• Major Geographers and Their Contributions (Part-12)
• 20
• Major Geographers and Their Contributions (Part-13)
• Contributions of Greek Scholars in Geography: Introduction, Roots of Greek Scholarship
• 21
• Contributions of Greek Scholars in Geography: Major Greek Philosophers- Herodotus, Plato
• Contributions of Roman Geographers, Contribution to Various Sub Branches of Geography
• 22
• Evolution of Geographical Thought in India: Introduction, the Roots of Indian Geography in the Ancient Literature, Indian Geography During the Middle Ages

Medieval Geographical Knowledge (5)

• 1
• Medieval Geography: German Geographers, Indian Contribution
• Contributions of Arab Geographers: Introduction, Historical Background, Prominent Arab Scholars
• 2
• Contributions of Arab Geographers: Contribution to Different Branches of Geography
• Impact of Voyages, Discoveries, and Renaissance on Geographical Thought: Introduction, Birth of the Age of Explorations
• 3
• Impact of Voyages, Discoveries, and Renaissance on Geographical Thought: the Impacts of Voyages and Discoveries, the Positive Gains of this Period, End of the Age of the Explorations

German Contribution (6)

• 1
• Modern Geography: German School- Pre-Classical Phase, Classical Phase
• Modern Geography: German School- Post-Classical Phase
• 2
• Early Origins of Geographical Thinking with Reference to Varenius and Kant: the Renaissance and Beginning of Scientific Geography, Bernhard Varenius (1622 - 1650)
• Early Origins of Geographical Thinking with Reference to Varenius and Kant: Geography in the 18th Century, Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804)
• 3
• Evolution of Geographical Thinking and Disciplinary Trends in Germany: Introduction, Pre Classical Period
• Evolution of Geographical Thinking and Disciplinary Trends in Germany: the Classic Humboldt-Ritterian Period, the Post Classical Period

French Contribution (3)

• 1
• Modern Geography: French School- Paul Vidal De La Blache, Jean Brunhes, Demangeon, Emmanuel De Martonne, Elisee Reclus
• Evolution of Geographical Thinking and Disciplinary Trends in France: Introduction, Early Geographical Background
• 2
• Evolution of Geographical Thinking and Disciplinary Trends in France: Disciplinary Trends, Evolution of New Concept: Possibilism, Current Trends

British Contribution (4)

• 1
• Modern Geography: British School- Halford J. Mackinder, Sir Patrick Geddes, Andrew J. Herbertson, H. Robert Mill, L. D. Stamp, Contemporary Trends in British Geography
• Evolution of Geographical Thinking and Disciplinary Trends in Britain: Introduction: Introduction, Halford John Mackinder (1861 – 1947) - the Heartland Theory
• 2
• Evolution of Geographical Thinking and Disciplinary Trends in Britain: Mill, Patrick Geddes, Herbertson, Fleure, Roxby, Woolridge
• Evolution of Geographical Thinking and Disciplinary Trends in Britain: Stamps, Chorley, Haggett, Disciplinary Trends, Current Trends

American Contribution (3)

• 1
• Modern Geography: American School, Nathaniel Shaler, Mark-Jefferson, Isaiah Bowman, Ellen Churchill Semple, Ellsworth Huntington, Geography in UsA between Two World Wars
• Evolution of Geographical Thinking and Disciplinary Trends in UsA: Introduction
• 2
• Evolution of Geographical Thinking and Disciplinary Trends in UsA: Geomorphology, Regional Geography, Systematic Geography, Urban Geography, Economic Geography, Current Trends in Geography

Developments During the 20th Century (26)

• 1
• Systems Analysis in Human Geography: Concept of System - Characteristics, Aspects, Components, Subsystems
• Systems Analysis in Human Geography: Concept of System- Boundaries in a System, System Analysis
• 2
• Systems Analysis in Human Geography: Contributors to System Theory and Analysis- Types of Systems by Chorley and Kennedy (1971)
• Systems Analysis in Human Geography: Contributors to System Theory and Analysis- Bergmann, Langton, Bennett, Bennett and Chorley, Gregory
• 3
• Systems Analysis in Human Geography: Application of System Analysis, Main Issues in System Analysis, Common Problems Solved Using System Analysis
• Systems Analysis in Human Geography: States of a System
• 4
• Regional Synthesis: Concept, Representing Geographical Facts
• Regional Synthesis: Regionalization, Attributes of a Region
• 5
• Regional Synthesis: Development of Regional Concept
• Time Geography (HäGerstrand Theory) : Basic Idea, Life Paths and Path Bundles, Assumptions of HäGerstrand՚s Theory, Constraints in HäGerstrand՚s Theory
• 6
• Historical Geography: Phases of Development
• Historical Geography: Approaches to the Study of Historical Geography, Sources for Historical Geography Research
• 7
• Welfare Approach: Concept of Welfare Approach
• Welfare Approach: Different Welfare Approaches, Evolution and Chronological Development of Welfare Approach
• 8
• Post-World War II Period
• Evolution of Geographical Thinking and Disciplinary Trends in the Soviet Union and Contemporary Russia: Introduction, Development of Geographical Thought During UsSR Period (1917 to 1989)
• 9
• Evolution of Geographical Thinking and Disciplinary Trends in the Soviet Union and Contemporary Russia: Disciplinary Trends, Dichotomy between Determinism and Possibilism, Recent Trends
• Geography as a Chorological Science and as a Science of Morphology of Landscapes: Chorology: a Science of Places, Chronological Development of Geography as a Chorological Science
• 10
• System Approach and System Analysis: Introduction, System Approach to Geography
• System Approach and System Analysis: System Analysis
• 11
• System Approach and System Analysis: Classification of Systems, Advantages and Disadvantages
• Geography as Human Ecology: Introduction, the Relation between Geography with Other Subjects
• 12
• Geography as Human Ecology: Human Ecology as a Unique Field of Geography, the Nature of Human Ecology, Conclusions
• Applied Geography: Introduction, Applied Geography or Pure Geography, Evolution of Applied Geography: a Global Perspective, Progresses of Applied Geography, Critical Overview
• 13
• Scientific Methods in Geography: Introduction, Scientific Method
• Scientific Methods in Geography: Key Elements of Scientific Methods, Geographical Application of Scientific Methods

Changing Paradigms (12)

• 1
• Scientific Methods in Geography: Theories and Facts, Law, Logic, Reductionism, Hypothesis
• Philosophies in Geographical Education: Idealism: Reality through Ideas
• 2
• Philosophies in Geographical Education: Realism: Objective Reality
• Philosophies in Geographical Education: Pragmatism (Experientialism) : Reality through Experience
• 3
• Philosophies in Geographical Education: Existentialism: Reality through Human Existence
• Modern Geography: Soviet School- Petre Petrovich Semenov, a. I. Voeikov, V. V. Dokuchaev, D. N. Anuchin, Lenin, Baransky N. N.
• 4
• Geography as a Chorological Science and as a Science of Morphology of Landscapes: Geography as a Science of Morphology of Landscape, Cultural Landscape, Morphology of Landscape
• Location, Space and Time in Geography: the Concept of Location, Importance of Location
• 5
• Location, Space and Time in Geography: Concept of Space in Geography- Characteristics of Space, Absolute Space, Relative Space
• Types of Geographical Space, Concept of Time, Developments of Time Geography, New Applications of Time Geography
• 6
• Historical Explanations in Geography: Introduction, Nature and Development of Historical Geography
• Historical Explanations in Geography: Approaches to the Study of Historical Geography, Sources of Historical Geography

Man and Environment (4)

• 1
• Environmentalism: Introduction and Concept- Areas of Concern
• Environmentalism: Environmentalism Approaches
• 2
• Environmentalism: Gaianism, Environmentalism Efforts Worldwide, Environmentalism in India, Criticism of Environmentalism
• Man and Environment Relationship in Geography: Introduction, Man Environment Relationship: Perspective, Impact of Darwinism

Determinism and Possibilism (6)

• 1
• Determinism and Possibilism: Determinism
• Determinism and Possibilism: Determinism- Environmental Determinism, Criticism of Determinism, Neo-Determinism or Stop and Go Determinism
• 2
• Determinism and Possibilism: Possibilism- Criticism of Possibilism
• Man and Environment Relationship in Geography: the Deterministic Perspective, the Possibilistic Perspective, Probabilism Cultural or Social Determinism
• 3
• Determinism in Geography: Introduction, the Path of Determinism in Geography, Criticism
• Possibilism in Geography: Introduction, Historical Background, the Rise of Possibilism, Criticisms

Areal Differentiation and Spatial Organisation (6)

• 1
• Schaefer - Hartshorne Debate: Exceptionalism, Hartshorne
• Schaefer - Hartshorne Debate: Schaefer, Hartshorne Comments on Schaefer, the Way Forward
• 2
• Areal Differentiation: Introduction, Criticism of Areal Differentiation
• Areal Differentiation: Decline of Regional Geography After 1950՚s, Developments After 1970՚s
• 3
• Areal Differentiation: Developments After 1980՚s
• Areal Differentiation and Spatial Organization: Introduction

Quantitative Revolution (6)

• 1
• Quantitative Revolution and Locational Analysis: Quantitative Analysis- History and Developments in Quantitative Revolution
• Quantitative Revolution and Locational Analysis: Quantitative Analysis- Methods of Quantitative Revolution, Advantages of Quantitative Revolution, Disadvantages of Quantitative Revolution
• 2
• Quantitative Revolution and Locational Analysis: Locational Analysis- Definition and Concept, Important Contributions
• Quantitative Revolution and Locational Analysis: Locational Analysis- Applications, Locational Analysis Prerequisites, Model for Locational Analysis, Arguments Supporting Locational Analysis, Criticism of Locational Analysis
• 3
• Quantitative Revolution in Geography: Introduction
• Quantitative Revolution in Geography: the Path of Quantitative Revolution in the Discipline of Geography, the Criticism of Quantification in Geography

Positivism (4)

• 1
• Research Paradigms in Geography: Positivism
• Positivism in Geography: the Concept of Positivism
• 2
• Positivism in Geography: Concepts
• Positivism in Geography: Critique of Positivism

Humanism (5)

• 1
• Humanistic Approach: Important Characteristics, Model of Humanistic Geography
• Humanistic Approach: History of Humanistic Approach, Aim of Humanistic Approach, Various Humanistic Approaches, Contributions of Humanistic Geography, Criticism of Humanistic Approaches
• 2
• Humanistic Geography: Development of Humanistic Geography, Approaches to Humanistic Geography
• Humanistic Geography: Themes and Methods of Humanistic Geography, Critical Appraisal of Humanistic Geography
• 3
• Welfare Geography: Introduction, Difference between Welfare Human Geography and Humanistic Geography

Radicalism (3)

• 1
• Radical Approach (Based on Marxism) : Differences between Marxism and Positivism, Historical Development of Radical Approach, Present State
• Radicalism: Introduction, Context, Social Relevance Revolution- the Radical Stream of the Relevance Movement, the Liberal Stream of the Relevance Movement
• 2
• Radicalism: Towards Marxist Geography, Criticisms

Behaviouralism (5)

• 1
• Behavioral Approach: Introduction, Important Concepts, Objectives of Behavioral Approach, Implicit Approaches
• Behavioral Approach: Assumptions of Behavioral Approach, Elements of Behavioral Approach
• 2
• Behavioral Approach: Behavioral Geography: Landmark Developments, Criticism of Behavioral Approach
• Behavioural Geography: Introduction
• 3
• Behavioural Geography: the Objectives of Behavioral Approach, Salient Features of Behavioral Geography, Criticisms

Impact of Darwinian Theory on Geographical Thought (4)

• 1
• Impact of Charles Darwin on Development of Geographical Concepts: Important Tenets of Charles Darwin
• Impact of Charles Darwin on Development of Geographical Concepts: Impact of Darwinian Themes on Geography
• 2
• Impact of Charles Darwin on Development of Geographical Concepts: Darwin՚s Influences in Areas of Geography, Recent Developments
• Darwin՚s Impact in Geography: Introduction, Time and Evolution, Organization and Ecology, Selection and Struggle, Randomness and Chance

Contemporary Trends in Indian Geography: Cartography, Thematic and Methodological Contributions (8)

• 1
• Paradigm Shifts: Paradigms in Geographic Development, Recent Geographical Paradigms, Paradigm Changes in India
• Modern Geography: Indian Contributions During Colonial Period
• 2
• Modern Geography: Phases of Geographical Studies in India- Formative Stage: Pre-1950s
• Modern Geography: Phases of Geographical Studies in India- the Informative Stage: the 1950s
• 3
• Modern Geography: Phases of Geographical Studies in India- the Confirmative Stage: the 1960s, the Reformative Stage: 1971 - 1980s, Stage of Speculation: 1980s-Late 1990s
• Modern Geography: Phases of Geographical Studies in India- Prospective Stage in Searching the Roots – 2000 Onwards
• 4
• Modern Geography: Cartography in India
• Evolution of Geographical Thought in India: Geography in British India, Geography of Modern India

Geographic Traditions: Earth Science, Man-Environment Relationship, Area Studies & Spatial Analysis (2)

• 1
• Geography as Science of Places (Chorology)
• Geography as Morphology of Landscape (Cultural Landscape)

Geography Dualism: Physical-Human, Regional-Systematic, Qualitative-Quantitative, Ideographic- Nomothetic (11)

• 1
• Dichotomy and Dualism: Nomothetic vs. Idiographic
• Dichotomy and Dualism: Systematic/General vs. Regional Geography
• 2
• Dichotomy and Dualism: Deterministic vs. Possibilistic Geography
• Dichotomy and Dualism: Physical vs. Human Geography
• 3
• Dichotomy and Dualism: Historical vs. Contemporary Geography, Qualitative vs. Quantitative, Study of Formal Sites vs. Study of Functional Sites
• the Myth and Reality of Dualisms: Meaning of Dualism and Dichotomy in Geography, Systematic Geography Versus Regional Geography
• 4
• the Myth and Reality of Dualisms: Physical Geography Versus Human Geography, Historical Geography Versus Contemporary Geography
• Regional Geography vs. Systematic Geography Idiographic vs. Nomothetic Deductive vs. , Inductive Argument, Richard Hartshorne and Prof. Schaeffer Debate Conclusion
• 5
• Schaefer՚s – Hartshorne Debate: Introduction, Excepetionalism in Geography
• Schaefr – Hartshorne Debate: Challenging the Claim for Exceptionalism in Geography, Exceptionalism in Geography: Re Examined
• 6
• Exceptionalism in Geography: What is Exceptionalism?

Perspectives in Geography (15)

• 1
• Philosophical Basis for Research Paradigms: Axiology, Ontology or Metaphysics, Epistemology
• Spectrum of Research Paradigms Based on Objectivity/subjectivity: Positivism (strict Scientific Method) , Structuralism (Bedrock of Thought & Ideas) , Post-Positivism (Rational Researcher)
• 2
• Spectrum of Research Paradigms Based on Objectivity/subjectivity: Constructivism (Multitudes of Social Reality) , Critical (Transformative Inquiry)
• Spectrum of Research Paradigms Based on Objectivity/subjectivity: Post-structuralism (Individual Stories)
• 3
• Research Paradigms in Geography: Postmodernism
• Research Paradigms in Geography: Feminism
• 4
• Research Paradigms in Geography: Ecofeminism
• Research Paradigms in Geography: Structuralism
• 5
• Structuralism in Geography: Introduction, Major Context of Structuralism- Language, Signs, and Linguistics, Culture and Structural Anthropology, Literary Theory, Literature and Mythology, Psychoanalysis
• Structuralism in Geography: Structuralism in Human Geography
• 6
• Feminism in Geography: Introduction, the Concept of Feminism
• Feminism in Geography: Evolution of Feminist Geography, Ecofeminism, Manifestation of Feminist Theory in Geography
• 7
• Post Modernism in Geography: Introduction, Post Modernism; is It a Departure from or One of the Manifestation of Modernism, Style and Character of Post Modern Architecture
• Post Modernism in Geography: Shades of Post-Modernism, Post Modernism in Geography, Postmodern Geographers
• 8
• Postmodern Urbanism

Population Geography (35)

Nature, Scope, Subject Matter and Recent Trends (6)

• 1
• Population Geography: Introduction, Sources of Population Data- Sample, Sources, Projections & Estimates of Population Data
• Errors in Population Data: True Values, Sample Values & Observational Error, Sampling vs Non-sampling Errors, Non-sampling Errors
• 2
• Errors in Population Data: Sampling Error, Measurement and Control of Errors, Systematic and Non-systematic Errors
• Industrial, Population and Settlement Geography: Major Terms (a to D)
• 3
• Industrial, Population and Settlement Geography: Major Terms (E to M)
• Industrial, Population and Settlement Geography: Major Terms (N to R)

World Distribution, Growth and Density of Population (4)

• 1
• Growth of Population: Population Growth of a Period is Calculated in Two Parts, Temporal Population Growth Trend, World Population Development, World Population Growth, Spatial Population Growth Trend in Millions, Spatial Population Doubling Trend
• Growth of Population: Important Trends in Population Growth
• 2
• Growth of Population: Components of Population Growth or Change
• Distribution of Population: Some Facts, Factors Affecting Population Distribution, Ecumene and Non-Ecumene Population Distribution

Policy Issues (3)

• 1
• Optimum Population: Definition, Historical Background, Variations of Optimum Population, Characteristics of Optimum Population, Assumptions
• Optimum Population: Mathematical Concept- Factors Affecting Optimum Population, Marginal Product of Labor
• 2
• Optimum Population: Limitations of Optimal Population, Optimum Population vs. Malthusian Theory

Demographic Transition (1)

• 1
• Population Theories: Demographic Transition Model- Stages in the Model, Processes in Demographic Transition Model, Concept Behind Demographic Transition Model, Relevance & Criticism of Demographic Transition Model

Population-Resource Regions (4)

• 1
• Population-Resource Regions: Ackerman՚s Classification, Classification Based on Prospects
• Population and Resource Relationship: Malthusian Perspective, Optimum Population Theory
• 2
• Population and Resource Regions: Global Population and Resource, Population and Resource Regions
• Population and Resource Regions: Population Resource Regions of India

Theories of Population Growth (5)

• 1
• Population Theories: Malthusian Model- Key Aspects of Malthusian Model, Postulates of Malthusian Model, Critics of Malthusian Model, Importance of Malthusian Model
• Population Theories: the Optimum Theory of Population, Marxian Model
• 2
• Population Theories: Epidemiologic Transition Model, Michael Thomas Sadler՚s: Law of Population
• Population Theories: Leibenstein՚s Motivational Theory of Population Growth- Concept of Fertility Gap, Cost-Benefit Analysis of Bringing up a Child, Limits to Growth Criticisms of Leibenstein՚s Theory, Extending Leibenstein՚s Model of Population Growth
• 3
• Population Theories: Other Theories on Population, Classification of Theories of Population

Migration: Types, Causes and Consequences and Models (5)

• 1
• Migration: Types of Migration
• Migration: Causes of Migration, Consequences of Migration
• 2
• Migration: Theories of Migration- Ravenstein՚s Law of Migration (1843 - 1913) , Push Pull Theory by Lee (Intervening Obstacles)
• Migration: Theories of Migration - Gravity Model, Intervening Opportunities by Stouffer, Zipf՚s Principle of Least Effort
• 3
• Migration: Theories of Migration - Competing Migrants Model, Zelinsky Migration Transition Model, Neo Classical Economic Theory (Wages) , Dual Labor Market Theory, Relative Deprivation Theory, Chain Migration, World Systems Theory

Population Composition and Characteristics: Age, Sex, Rural-Urban, Occupational Structure and Educational Levels (4)

• 1
• Demographic Attributes: Age-sex Pyramid- Types of Population Pyramid, Factors Affecting Shape of Pyramid
• Demographic Attributes: Sex Composition- Types of Sex Ratio, Factors Affecting Sex Ratio
• 2
• Demographic Attributes: Population Density- Factors Affecting Density of Population, Types of Population Density, Spatial Variations of Population Density
• Population as Social Capital: Basic Concept, Comparison between Social Capital and Other Capitals, Social Capital and Human Capital (Population) Effect of Social Capital on Human Capital, Social Capital in Geography

Population Policies in Developed and Developing Countries (3)

• 1
• Demographic Attributes: Life Expectancy, Literacy
• World Population Problems and Policies: over-Population- Reasons for Overpopulation, Types of over-Population, Problems of over-Population, Solutions to Problem of over-Population
• 2
• World Population Problems and Policies: under-Population- Types of under-Population, Issues of under-Population (in Developed Countries) , Solutions to Problem of under-Population, Malthusian Model Versus Optimum Theory

Settlement Geography (94)

Site, Situation, Types, Size, Spacing and Internal Morphology (16)

• 1
• Settlement Geography: Introduction, Important Definitions, Theories of Location of Settlement, Important Characteristics of Settlement
• Urban Settlements
• 2
• Urban Morphology and City Classification: City “in” Area and City “as” Area, Elements of Urban Area: Urban Ecology, Classifications Based on Age or Morphology
• Urban Morphology and City Classification: Classification Based on Growth of Civilization- Lewis Mumford, City Classification Based on Technology, City Classification Based on Cultural Rise & Fall
• 3
• Urban Morphology and City Classification: Classification Based on Size
• Urban Morphology and City Classification: Classification Based on Functions, Classification Based on Hierarchy, Classification Based on Location or Site, Genetic Classification
• 4
• Functional Classification of Towns: Aurousseau՚s Classification, C. D. Harris Classification
• Functional Classification of Towns: Alexanderson՚s Classification, Webb՚s Classification, Moser and Scott Classification
• 5
• Functional Classification of Towns: Nelson՚s Classification, Richard L. Forstall՚s Classification
• Functional Classification of Towns: Maxwell՚s Classification, Other Important Classifications
• 6
• Functional Classification of Towns: Commonly Used Functional Classification
• Industrial, Population and Settlement Geography: Major Terms (s to V)
• 7
• Theories of Urban Morphology
• Urban Sustainability
• 8
• Urban Morphology of Jaipur (Case Study)
• Urban Morphology of New Delhi (Case Study)

Ecological Processes of Urban Growth (1)

• 1
• Urban Growth/Urban Sprawl Analysis

Urban Fringe (6)

• 1
• Sphere of Urban Influence: Urban Region, Peri-Urban Region, & Hinterland
• Rural-Urban Fringe
• 2
• Rural-Urban Fringe: Characteristics of Rural-Urban Fringe, Problems of Rural-Urban Fringe
• Rural-Urban Fringe: Stages of Transformation of Fringe
• 3
• Rural-Urban Fringe: Models of Rural-Urban Fringe- Pryor՚s Model, Ilbery and Bryant Zonal Model
• Rural Urban Fringe: Definition, Delimitation and Structure

City Region (2)

• 1
• Sphere of Urban Influence: City Region Relation (Influence of City) , Delimitation Methods
• Future of Our Cities

Settlement Systems (1)

• 1
• Differences between Rural and Urban Settlements

Primate City (1)

• 1
• Urban Hierarchy, Primate City and Rank Size Rule

Settlement Hierarchy (3)

• 1
• Hierarchy of Settlements: Hierarchy Based on Size or Services
• Hierarchy of Settlements: Hierarchy Based on Administrative Regions
• 2
• Central Place Theories: Mercantile Model- Stages of Mercantile Model

Christaller's Central Place Theory (8)

• 1
• Central Place Theories: Christaller՚s Theory- Assumptions of the Theory, Terms Used by Christaller, Principles, Results from Theory
• Central Place Theories: Christaller՚s Theory- Geometry and Ordering, Classification of Centers Based on K Value
• 2
• Central Place Theories: Christaller՚s Theory- Applicability, Examples, Validity and Limitations
• Central Place Theories: Christaller՚s Theory- Stage of Profit Maximization, New Market Boundaries
• 3
• Central Place Theories: Christaller՚s Theory- Development, Merits of Losch՚s Theory, Critics of Losch՚s Theory
• Central Place Theories: Christaller՚s vs. Losch՚s Model, Gunnar Olsson՚s Modification Isard՚s Modification
• 4
• Christaller՚s Central Place Theory
• Christaller՚s Central Place Theory: Criticisms, Applicability and Use, Applicability; August Losch՚s Central Place Theory, Comparison of Christaller and Losch Model

August Losch's Theory of Market Centres (1)

• 1
• Central Place Theories: Losch Theory- Assumption of Losch՚s Theory, Key Idea of Demand Cones, Why Hexagon?

Rural Settlements: Types, Patterns and Distribution (3)

• 1
• Rural Settlements: Morphology of Rural Settlement, Types and Patterns of Rural Settlement
• Rural Settlements: Shape Analysis- Shape Index, Packing Efficiency
• 2
• Rural Settlements: Factors Affecting Growth and Types of Rural Settlements, Evolution and Growth of Rural Settlements, Problems with Rural Settlements

Theories of Origin of Towns (5)

• 1
• Theories of Origin of Towns: Origin of Towns by Gordon Childe- Major Works, Parallels to Theory of Social Evolution by Morgan, Childe՚s Cultural Concept of Archaeology Childe՚s Neolithic and Urban Revolutions, Importance of Childe՚s Work
• Theories of Origin of Towns: Origin of Towns by Henri Pirenne- Important Works, Important Ideas, Formation of Medieval Cities
• 2
• Theories of Origin of Towns: Origin of Towns by Lewis Mumford: Ideas of Geddes & Harvard- Urban Implosion in Cities, Mumford՚s General Principles for City Planning
• Theories of Origin of Towns: Origin of Towns by Lewis Mumford: Ideas of Geddes & Harvard- Mumford Principles for Renovating Cities, Basic Principles for Renovating Neighborhoods
• 3
• Theories of Origin of Towns: Origin of Towns by Lewis Mumford: Ideas of Geddes & Harvard- Regional Planning: Renovating Regions, Concept of Regional City, Regional Authority, National Policy, Difference between Mumford and Geddes

Characteristics and Processes of Urbanization in Developed and Developing Countries (30)

• 1
• Urban Sprawl: Uses of the Term Sprawl, Characteristics of Urban Sprawl, Reasons for Development of Sprawl, Impact of Urban Sprawl
• Urbanization: Cause of Urbanization
• 2
• Urbanization: Problems or Urbanization, Solutions to Problems of Urbanization
• Urbanism: Characteristics of Urbanism, Effect of Population Density, Effect of Heterogeneity
• 3
• Postmodern Urbanism: Characteristics of Postmodern Cities, Urbanism from Chicago School (Modernist) to Los Angeles School (Postmodernist) , Characteristics of LA as Postmodern City
• Postmodern Urbanism: Soja՚s Ideas on Postmodern Urbanism, Dear՚s Keno Capitalism
• 4
• Postmodern Urbanism: Harvey՚s Flexible Capitalism, Comparing Harvey and Soja
• Urban Planning (Garden City) : Views on Urban Planning, Objectives of Urban Planning, Howard՚s Garden City- Industrialization and Urban Development, Decentralization by Garden Cities, Structure & Composition of Garden & Central City
• 5
• Urban Planning (Garden City) : Views on Urban Planning, Objectives of Urban Planning, Howard՚s Garden City- the Three Magnets of Howard, Application of Garden City, Modifications to Howards Garden City
• Philosophical Approaches to Urban Planning: Utopianism, Utopian Community Proposals, Criticisms and Praise for Utopian Communities
• 6
• Philosophical Approaches to Urban Planning: Modern (Contemporary) Urban Planning- Urban Planning as Design (1900 - 1960) , Urban Planning as Science (1960 - 1970) , Urban Planning as Politics (1970 - 1990)
• Philosophical Approaches to Urban Planning: Marxist Influence on Planning
• 7
• Philosophical Approaches to Urban Planning: Quantitative Revolution in Urban Planning
• Urban Sustainability: World Bank՚s Urban Sustainability Framework, Elements of Sustainable Urban Areas
• 8
• Urban Sustainability: Examples of Sustainable Urban Areas, UN Urban Sustainability Policies, Factors Affecting Urban Sustainability
• Urban Sustainability: Environmental Kuznet՚s Curve, Future of Cities
• 9
• Definition, Nature, and Scope of Urban Geography
• Cities in History, First Urban Revolution: Mesopotamian Cities, Egyptian Cities
• 10
• Cities in History, First Urban Revolution: Indus Valley Civilization, Chinese Civilization, Meso American Civilization
• Cities in History, First Urban Revolution: Bases of City Development; Diffusion and Decline, Delhi, Structural Components of Ancient City
• 11
• Cities in History, First Urban Revolution: City in History, Medieval Period and Renaissance
• Urbanization Process in Developed and Less Developed Countries
• 12
• Classification of Cities, Age and Functions
• Urban Land Policy: Pre & Post Independence & Legislations
• 13
• Urbanization: Problems, Prospects and Need of Urban Planning
• Urban Sprawl
• 14
• Urban Governance
• Process of Urbanization in India: Colonial Legacy and the Post-Independence Characteristics
• 15
• Stages of Urban Growth
• Urbanization and Urbanism

Internal Structure of the City (3)

• 1
• Urban Form: Types of Urban Form, Scale of Study of Urban Form
• Urban Form: Determinants of Urban Form- Density, Crime
• 2
• Urban Form: Determinants of Urban Form- Land Use, Accessibility and Transport Infrastructure, Urban Layout, Housing and Building Characteristics, Integrated Elements

Models of Urban Land Use (3)

• 1
• Urban Land Use Models: Burgess Model- Zones Demarcated in Theory, Basis of Theory, Criticism of Theory
• Urban Land Use Models: Sector Theory (Hoyt Model) - Application, Limitations
• 2
• Urban Land Use Models: Multiple Nuclei Theory- Basis of Theory, Assumptions of Theory, Advantages of the Theory, Disadvantages of the Theory

Concepts of Megacities, Global Cities and Edge Cities (4)

• 1
• Megacity, Metacity, & Global City: Megacity, Metacity, Metacity and Megacity as Hubs of Globalization, Mode of Expansion in Metacities & Megacities, Challenges with Metacities & Megacities
• Megacity, Metacity, & Global City: Global City- World՚s Best-Known Global Cities, Classification of Global Cities, Global Cities in Developing World, Factors Responsible for Rise of Global Cities, Characteristics of Global Cities, Problems
• 2
• Edge City, Satellite Towns, & Multipolar City: Edge City- Characteristics of Edge City, Types of Edge Cities, Effect of Edge Cities, Lone Eagle Cities
• Edge City, Satellite Towns, & Multipolar City: Satellite Towns, Multi-Polar Cities

Urban Social Area Analysis (1)

• 1
• Urban Form: Urban Social Area Analysis Model- Merits, Demerits

Manifestation of Poverty in the City: Slums, Informal Sector Growth, Crime and Social Exclusion (6)

• 1
• Slums (Informal Settlements) : Characteristics of Slums, Types of Slums Defined by Census in India
• Urban Poverty
• 2
• Urban Crimes in India
• Slum and Squatter Settlement՚s
• 3
• Regional Imbalances with Reference to Crimes in India
• Disposal of Urban Solid Waste

Economic Geography (77)

Location of Economic Activities (3)

• 1
• World Economic Development: Development vs. Growth
• World Economic Development: Measures of Economic Development
• 2
• World Economic Development: Factors Hindering Economic Development

Classification of Economies (8)

• 1
• World Economic Development: Ricardo Theory of Distribution & Growth- Assumptions, Ideas of Malthus
• World Economic Development: Ricardo Theory of Distribution & Growth- Ricardo՚s Free Trade Argument, Short-Run Implications of Ricardo՚s Theory, Long-Run Implications of Ricardo՚s Theory
• 2
• World Models: Important World Models
• World Models: Limits to Growth- Variables Considered
• 3
• World Models: Limits to Growth- Objectives of Limits to Growth Model, Conclusion of the Model, Criticisms of Limits of Growth Model
• World Models: Forrester Meadows World2 Model- Forrester Meadows Model Assumptions, Model Runs
• 4
• World Models: Forrester Meadows World2 Model- Implications of Forrester Meadows Model, Critics of Forrester Meadows Model
• World Models: World Integrated Model (Derived from Mesarovic-Pestel)

Sectors of Economy (3)

• 1
• Global Economic Blocs: SAARC, OPEC, AsEAN
• Global Economic Blocs: EU (European Union) , Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation or APEC, MERCOsUR, NAFTA, Pacific Alliance
• 2
• Concepts of Resource Geography: Introduction, Relative Concept, Material Concept

Natural Resources (30)

• 1
• World Resources: Resources, Types of Resources
• World Resources: Some Important Resources- Mineral Resources
• 2
• World Resources: Some Important Resources- Energy Resources
• World Resources: Some Important Resources- Energy Resources, Geothermal, Advantages & Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy, Tidal and Wave Energy, Advantages & Disadvantages of Wave and Tidal Energy
• 3
• World Resources: Some Important Resources- Energy Resources, Hydro Electric Power (HEP) , Advantages & Disadvantages of Hydropower, Advantages & Disadvantages Coal , Oil and Natural Gas, Nuclear Energy, Types of Nuclear Elements
• World Resources: Some Important Resources- Problems in Utilizing World Resources
• 4
• Introduction to Resource Geography: Introduction, Resource Geography- Growth of Resource Geography Economic Geography
• Introduction to Resource Geography: Features, Resource Peripheries, Resource and Wealth
• 5
• Natural Resources: Types and Stages of Resources
• Land Resource, Distribution, Livelihood and Scarcity Concerns: Concept, Importance of Land Resources, Land Utilisation
• 6
• Land Resource, Distribution, Livelihood and Scarcity Concerns: Introduction- Defining Soil Degradation
• Land Resource, Distribution, Livelihood and Scarcity Concerns: Introduction- Status, Problems and Trends of Global Land System, Forests, Urbanisation, Land and International Agreed Goals
• 7
• Land Resource, Distribution, Livelihood and Scarcity Concerns: Major Issues Obstructing the Goals, Outlook and Goal Gaps
• Surface and Ground Water: Distribution, Livelihood and Scarcity Concerns: Introduction, Defining Water Scarcity, Status and Trends of Water Scarcity
• 8
• Surface and Ground Water: Distribution, Livelihood and Scarcity Concerns: Major Issues Related to Water, International Agreed Goals, Outlook and Gap
• Natural Resource for Livelihood; Global, Regional and Local: Forest Resource: Introduction, World Distribution of Forest
• 9
• Natural Resource for Livelihood; Global, Regional and Local: Forest Resource: Forest as a Resource- Ecological Services, Forests in India, Size and Distribution of Forest in India
• Natural Resource for Livelihood; Global, Regional and Local: Forest Resource: Indian Forest Resources and Livelihoods
• 10
• Forest Resource: Distribution, Livelihood and Scarcity Concerns: Introduction, Causes and Concerns
• Forest Resource: Consequences of Forrest Resource Scarcity, Forest Status in Future, Data Challenges in Indian Forest Sector
• 11
• Energy Resources: Coal- Origin of Coal, Varieties of Coal
• Energy Resources: Coal Production, Petroleum or Mineral Oil
• 12
• Energy Resources: Natural Gas, Electricity, Non-Conventional Energy Source
• Energy Resources: Introduction, Global Trend of Energy Resources, Oil, Natural Gas, Coal
• 13
• Energy Resources: Renewable Hydro & Nuclear Energy, Factors Determining Energy Scarcity, Status of Energy Scarcity, Future Outlook
• Marine Resources for Livelihood- Global, Regional and Local: Introduction, Definition
• 14
• Marine Resources for Livelihood- Global, Regional and Local: Classification and Utility, Future Ahead and the Gap
• Marine Resources for Livelihood- Global, Regional and Local: Introduction, Impact of Mineral Oil on Marine Environment, over Fertilisation of the Seas
• 15
• Marine Resources for Livelihood- Global, Regional and Local: Impact of Sand and Gravel Extraction, Impact of Sea Floor Mining, Marine Fisheries at Stake
• Marine Resources for Livelihood- Global, Regional and Local: Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Environment, International Agreements and Outlook

Conservation of Resources (1)

• 1
• Approaches in Resource Geography: Introduction, Types of Approaches- Ecological Approach, Economic Approach, Behavioural Approach, Institutional Approach, Technological Approach

Factors Affecting Spatial Organisation of Economic Activities: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quarternary (8)

• 1
• World Economic Development: Factors Hindering Economic Development- Poverty
• World Economic Development: Designation of Workers by Collar Color
• 2
• World Economic Development: Patterns of Economic Development
• Human Resources, Resource Utilization, Relevance of Resource Geography, Illustration
• 3
• Theories of Resource Geography: Introduction, Definition- Structure of a Formal Theory, Neo Classical Theory
• Theories of Resource Geography: L. C. GRAY, Ludwig Von Misses, F. a. Hayek: Pure Capital Theory, Functional Theory: Dynamic Concept
• 4
• Models in Resource Geography: Introduction, Significance of Model, Needs for Modelling in Geography, Features of a Model
• Models in Resource Geography: Zimmermann՚s Model, Resource, Resistance and Neutral Stuff, Limit to Growth Mode

Natural Resources Management (19)

• 1
• Traditional & Modern Methods of Resource Consumption in Different Geographical Regions: Introduction, Need for Ecological Prudence, Carrying Capacity and Overconsumption
• Traditional & Modern Methods of Resource Consumption in Different Geographical Regions: a Brief Overview of Resource Consumption, What Are the Traditional and Modern Modes of Resource Consumption?
• 2
• Traditional & Modern Methods of Resource Consumption in Different Geographical Regions: Restraints on Resource Consumption
• Traditional & Modern Methods of Resource Consumption in Different Geographical Regions: Introduction, Mountain Ecosystems and Resource
• 3
• Traditional & Modern Methods of Resource Consumption in Different Geographical Regions: Island Ecosystem and Resource Use, Plains and Resource Consumptions, Plateau and Resources
• Resource Development and Environment: Global Scenario Since Industrial Revolution: Introduction, Industrial Revolution: the New and Changing Geographies of Resource Consumption
• 4
• Resource Development and Environment: Global Scenario Since Industrial Revolution: Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on Global Human Population and Rising Pressure on Natural Resources
• Resource Development and Environment: Cases of Optimism: Introduction, Role of Human Ingenuity in Natural Resource Development, the Need for Sustainability
• 5
• Resource Development and Environment: Cases of Pessimism: the Population Bomb, Paul Ehrlich (1968) , Tragedy of the Commons; Garett Hardin; 1968, the Club of Rome and the Limits to Growth, Global 2000 Report
• Population and Resource Relationship: Introduction, How Important Are Resources in Terms of Development?
• 6
• Institutions, Policy Making & Resource Management: Concept of Resource Management, Stakeholders Analysis in Resource Management
• Institutions, Policy Making & Resource Management: Application and Use of Stakeholder Analysis in Resource Management, Institutions for Resource Management and Policies Making
• 7
• Institutional Arrangements for Resource Management: Introduction, Institutions Involved
• UN Policy Models for Resource Management: Way to Sustainability: Role of Models in Resource Management, the UNDP Bureau for Policy and Programs Support
• 8
• UN Policy Models for Resource Management: Focus on Biodiversity and Ecosystem, Extractive Industry, UN Policies and Resource Management
• UN Policy Models for Resource Management: UN and the Need of Sustainability, Critical Evaluation of the Policies, Natural Resource Conflicts and Level of Analysis
• 9
• Steps in Watershed Management Planning
• Regional Policy Models for Resource Management: Resource Location at Regional Level, Regional Policies and Resource Management, Critical Evaluation of the Policies
• 10
• Watershed Management Programmes

World Energy Crises in Developed and Developing Countries (5)

• 1
• Energy Crisis: Exploitation of Resources - Coal, Oil, Natural Gas
• Energy Crisis: Famous Energy Crises, Causes of Energy Crisis
• 2
• Energy Crisis: Major Challenges in Energy Future, Solution and Prospects
• Resource Development and Environment: Global Scenario Since Industrial Revolution: Changes in Global Energy Consumptions, Ecological Challenges of Rapid Industrialisation and Reliance on Fossil Fuels
• 3
• Resource Development and Environment: Cases of Pessimism: Introduction, Thomas Malthus and His “an Essay on the Principles of Population”

Agricultural Geography (38)

Concept and Techniques of Delimitation of Agricultural Regions (5)

• 1
• World Agriculture Systems: Approaches to Study Agricultural Geography
• World Agriculture Systems: Various Schemes of Classification, Whittlesey Classification
• 2
• Economic & Agricultural Geography: Major Terms (a to F)
• Economic & Agricultural Geography: Major Terms (G to M)
• 3
• Economic & Agricultural Geography: Major Terms (N to W)

Measurement of Agricultural Productivity and Efficiency (11)

• 1
• Agricultural Inputs and Productivity: Agricultural Inputs
• Agricultural Inputs and Productivity: Agricultural Productivity
• 2
• Food and Nutrition Problems: Concept, Major Nutritional Problems
• Food and Nutrition Problems: Defining Nutritional Problems
• 3
• Food and Nutrition Problems: Causes of Food Problems, Future Efforts
• Food Security: Pillars of Food Security
• 4
• Food Security: Issues Related to Food Security, Global Scenario
• Food Security: Ways to Improve Food Security
• 5
• Food Security: Threat to Food Security
• Famine: Cause of Famines, Remedies
• 6
• Famine: Effects of Famines, Noteworthy Famines

Crop Combinations and Diversification (2)

• 1
• Crop Diversification: Introduction, Factors Promoting Diversification
• Crop Diversification: Need and Importance for Crop Diversification, Need and Importance for Crop Diversification, Major Constraints in Crop Diversification, Future Thrust Areas

Von Thunen's Model (6)

• 1
• Von Thunen՚s Model of Agricultural Location: Aim of the Model, Model Variables, Model Assumptions, Principle of Model
• Von Thunen՚s Model of Agricultural Location: Cultivation and Crop Model, Concentric Circles, Criticism of Model, Application of the Model
• 2
• Alonso Extension (in Urban Context) : Assumptions, the Bid-Rent Curve, Consideration of Customers
• Alonso Extension (in Urban Context) : Individual Bid-Rent Curves, Optimum Location, Stages of Alonso՚s Theory, Applications
• 3
• Olof Jonasson՚s Theory
• Robert Sinclair՚s Theory: Assumptions of the Model

Agricultural Systems of the World (12)

• 1
• World Agriculture Systems: Crop Distribution
• Typology of Agricultural Regions: Major Agricultural Systems and Typologies of World- Subsistence Agriculture, Intensive and Extensive Farming
• 2
• Typology of Agricultural Regions: Major Agricultural Systems and Typologies of World -Nomadic Herding, Shifting Cultivation
• Typology of Agricultural Regions: Major Agricultural Systems and Typologies of World- Rudimentary Sedentary Tillage, Rudimentary Sedentary Tillage
• 3
• Typology of Agricultural Regions: Major Agricultural Systems and Typologies of World- Subsistence Crop and Livestock Farming, Mediterranean Agriculture, Livestock Ranching
• Typology of Agricultural Regions: Major Agricultural Systems and Typologies of World- Extensive Commercial Grain Farming, Commercial Livestock and Crop Farming (Mixed Farming) , Commercial Dairy-Farming
• 4
• Typology of Agricultural Regions: Major Agricultural Systems and Typologies of World- Factory Farming
• Typology of Agricultural Regions: Major Agricultural Systems and Typologies of World- Horticulture
• 5
• Typology of Agricultural Regions: Major Agricultural Systems and Typologies of World- Sericulture, Organic Farming, Collective Farming
• Typology of Agricultural Regions: Major Agricultural Systems and Typologies of World- Commercial Plantation Farming
• 6
• Typology of Agricultural Regions: Agricultural Types
• Typology of Agricultural Regions: Agricultural Typologies Based on Attributes

Cropping Pattern: Methods of Delineating Crop Combination Regions (2)

• 1
• Areal Crop Combination Classification: Basic Concept, Weaver՚s Concept
• Areal Crop Combination Classification: Doi՚s Concept, Rafiullah՚s Concept

Industrial Geography (21)

Classification of Industries (1)

• 1
• Industrial Geography: Classification of Industries- Based on Types of Raw Materials, Based on Role, Based on Capital Investment, Based on Ownership, Resource and Footloose Industries

Weber's and Losch's Approaches (5)

• 1
• Theories of Industrial Location: Approaches of Location Theories, Natural Laws Deciding Industrial Locations (Determinism)
• Weber՚s Model of Industrial Location: Commonly Used Terms, Assumptions of Weber՚s Model
• 2
• Weber՚s Model of Industrial Location: Principles and Details of Weber՚s Model
• Weber՚s Model of Industrial Location: Criticism and Infirmities in Weber՚s Model, Advantages of Weber՚s Model
• 3
• Losch՚s Model of Industrial Approach: Basis of Losch՚s Model, Concept of Losch՚s Model, Limitations of Losch՚s Model

Theories of Industrial Location (8)

• 1
• Hotelling՚s Model: Assumptions of Hotelling՚s Model, Explanation of Hotelling՚s Model, Findings of Hotelling՚s Model
• Other Major Industrial Theories: Fetter՚s Law of Industrial Location
• 2
• Other Major Industrial Theories: Renner՚s Theory of Industrial Location, Rawstron՚s Theory of Industrial Location or Locational Cost Analysis Theory
• Other Major Industrial Theories: Smith՚s Theory of Industrial Location or Area-Cost Curve Theory
• 3
• Other Major Industrial Theories: Tord Palander՚s Theory, Principle of Substitution (Predohl)
• Other Major Industrial Theories: Edger Hoover՚s Location Theory, Greenhut՚s Location Theory
• 4
• Other Major Industrial Theories: Sargant Florence՚s Theory of Localization, Isard՚s Theory of Industrial Location
• Other Major Industrial Theories: Adam Smith՚s Early Ideas on Industrial Location, Case Studies in Locational Theories

Factors of Industrial Location (2)

• 1
• Locational Patterns: Physical Factors, Human and Economic Factors, Governmental Factors
• Problems in Industrial Location: Industrial Development Phases- Indian Scenario

Distribution and Growth of ICT and Knowledge (Education and R & D) Industries (5)

• 1
• Knowledge (Education, Research & Development) Industries: Education, Communication, Health and Medical Products
• World Distribution & Growth of ICT: Applications of ICT, Access to Technical Resources and Internet, GIs and Remote Sensing
• 2
• World Distribution & Growth of ICT: GPs (Global Positioning System) , Telecommunication Development Sector (ITU-D) , Artificial Intelligence (AI) , Machine Learning
• World Distribution & Growth of ICT: GeoAI- Applications of GeoAI, Role of Data Sharing in GeoAI, Spatially Explicit Models, Question Answering and Summarization, Social Sensing
• 3
• World Distribution & Growth of ICT: GeoAI- Datasets and Reproducibility, Machine Learning in GIs, Deep Learning in Geospatial Analysis, Deep Learning for Mapping, Future Ahead

Geography of Transport and Trade (19)

Models of Transportation and Transport Cost (8)

• 1
• Transport Geography: Introduction- Impact of Transportation, Elements of Transportation, Geographical Considerations in Transportation
• Theories of Transport & Regional Spatial Structure: Spatial Interaction Model by Edward Ullman- Spatial Interactions, Complementarity, Intervening Opportunity
• 2
• Theories of Transport & Regional Spatial Structure: Spatial Interaction Model by Edward Ullman- Transferability
• Theories of Transport & Regional Spatial Structure: Spatial Interaction Model by Eliot Hurst, Location and Accessibility Model (CBT) , Specialization Interdependency Model -Gottmann
• 3
• Theories of Transport & Regional Spatial Structure: Distribution or Flow Model
• Mathematical Models of Transportation: Spatial Interaction Models
• 4
• Mathematical Models of Transportation: Spatial Input-Output Models, Modeling Human Behavior in Spatial Interactions
• Transportation in Cities

Accessibility and Connectivity (5)

• 1
• Graph Theory: Elements of Graph Theory
• Graph Theory: Connections in Graph, Astructural Properties
• 2
• Network Analysis: Non-Ratio Measures
• Network Analysis: Ratio Measures
• 3
• Accessibility and Connectivity: Accessibility, Accessibility Planning, Measures of Accessibility

Comparative Cost Advantages (2)

• 1
• Comparative Cost Advantages: Ricardo՚s Model, Production Possibility Frontier (PPF)
• Comparative Cost Advantages: Opportunity Cost

World Trade Organisation (1)

• 1
• World Trade Organization (WTO) : Aims of WTO, Functions, Structure

Globalisation and Liberalisation and World Trade Patterns (2)

• 1
• Patterns of World Trade: Current Global Trade Patterns, Changing Trade Patterns of Developed and Developing Countries
• Patterns of World Trade: Trade Blocs, Regulation of International Trade, Challenges in World Trade

Problems and Prospects of Inter and Intra Regional Cooperation and Trade (1)

• 1
• Geography of Trade: Trade, Types of Trade, Types of Trade Based on Regions

Political Geography (51)

Definition and Scope of Political Geography (5)

• 1
• Political Geography: Introduction to Political Geography, Structure of Political Geography, Evolution
• Political Geography: Nature and Scope of Political Geography, Stages in Political Development, Organization of State
• 2
• Political, Cultural and Social Geography: Major Terms (a to D)
• Political, Cultural and Social Geography: Major Terms (E to R)
• 3
• Political, Cultural and Social Geography: Major Terms (s to V)

Geopolitics (2)

• 1
• Geopolitics: Important Definitions of Geopolitics, Geostrategy, Geopolitics and Political Geography
• Geopolitics: Global Geopolitics- John Agnew Views on Geopolitics, Geoffrey Sloan Views on Geopolitics, Gerard Toal Views on Geopolitics

Heartland and Rimland Theories (4)

• 1
• Theories in Political Geography: Heartland Theory- Key Aspects of Heartland Theory, Criticism of Heartland Theory
• Theories in Political Geography: Rimland Theory
• 2
• Theories in Political Geography: Shatterbelt Theory, Sea Power Theory, Containment Theory, Functional Approach
• Theories in Political Geography: Unified Field Theory, Kjellen՚s Views, Geopolitik (Haushofer) , Lebensraum (Ratzel) , Airpower Supremacy Theory

Concept of Nation, State and Nation-State (1)

• 1
• Nation, State and Nation-state: Nation, State, Nation-state, Stateless Nation

Boundaries and Frontiers (3)

• 1
• Boundaries and Frontiers: Frontiers- Classification of Frontiers
• Boundaries and Frontiers: Boundaries- Stages of Development of Boundaries, Classification of Boundaries, Functions of Boundaries
• 2
• Boundaries and Frontiers: Differences between Boundaries and Frontiers

Politics of World Resources (1)

• 1
• Politics of World Resources: Spatial Conflicts, North-south Divide

Geography and Federalism (1)

• 1
• Geography and Federalism: Definitions on Federation, Geographical Factors Motivating Creation of Federal State, Other Factors Motivating Creation of Federal State, Characteristics of Federation

Trends and Developments in Political Geography (12)

• 1
• Electoral Geography: Basic Terms, Distortions in Electoral Geography
• Electoral Geography: Proportional Representation- Prerequisites, Types of Proportional Representation
• 2
• Geography of Public Finance: Indian Context
• Geography of Public Policy: Definition, Aspects of Geographical Study of Public Policy
• 3
• Geopolitical Issue Related to Trade: Geopolitical Role of Trade, Geopolitics in Trade Routes, Geopolitical Disputes in Trade
• Issues Related to Geopolitics on Energy Crisis: Understanding the Geopolitics of Energy- Energy as a Geopolitical Strategy, Energy as a Weapon
• 4
• Issues Related to Geopolitics on Energy Crisis: Geopolitics of Oil and Natural Gas, the Geo and Politics of Oil, Geopolitics of Oil and Gas Pipeline
• Issues Related to Geopolitics on Energy Crisis: Understanding the Geopolitics of Renewable Energy, Geopolitics of Minerals for Renewable Energy, Future Implications
• 5
• Geopolitical Issues Related to Water Crisis: Water Crisis Across the Globe, Preventable Deaths
• Geopolitical Issues Related to Water Crisis: Geopolitics of Water, Looking Beyond Water Politics
• 6
• Geopolitical Treatise & Agreements: Treaties and Agreements Related to Trade, Intellectual Property Rights and Free Trade Agreements, Treatise and Agreements Related to Energy
• Geopolitical Treatise & Agreements: Treatise and Agreements Related to Water, Treatise and Agreements Related to Climate

Determinants of Electoral Behaviour (1)

• 1
• Determinants of Voting Behavior: Functions of Voting, Major Determinants of Voting Behavior

Geopolitics of Climate Change (6)

• 1
• Geopolitics of Climate Change: Rising Greenhouse Gases (GHG) , Environmental Determinism: Effect of Climate on Civilizations
• Geopolitics of Climate Change: Integrating Climate Change in Geopolitics
• 2
• Geopolitics of Climate Change: Geopolitics in Climate Solutions
• Geopolitics of Climate Change: Impacts of Climate Change and Rising Conflicts
• 3
• Geopolitical Issues Related to Climatic Change and Climate Variability: Understanding Climate Variability and Climate Change, Causes of Climatic Variability, Causes of Climate Change
• Geopolitical Issues Related to Climatic Change and Climate Variability: Geo-Politico Economic Perspective of Climate Change, Geo-Political Solution to Climate Change

Regional Organisations of Cooperation: SAARC, ASEAN, OPEC, EU (4)

• 1
• Trade & Geopolitical Economy: Capitalism and Imperialism, Changing Geopolitics Due to Globalization
• Trade & Geopolitical Economy: Impacts of Globalization: Free Trade to Market Access
• 2
• Trade & Geopolitical Economy: New Developments: Moving Away from Free-Trade, Control of Trade Routes
• Trade & Geopolitical Economy: International Trade Treaties

Neopolitics of World Natural Resources (11)

• 1
• Geopolitics of Resources: Resources as the Source of Power, Desire to Control Resources
• Geopolitics of Resources: Geopolitics for Controlling Trade Routes, Geopolitics for Controlling Resources, Treaties Regulating Natural Resources
• 2
• Geopolitics of Energy (Oil & Gas) : Importance of Oil, Needs of Oil & Gas Supplying Nations
• Geopolitics of Energy (Oil & Gas) : Understanding Oil & Gas Production & Pricing, Geopolitics of Transporting Oil and Gas
• 3
• Geopolitics of Energy (Oil & Gas) : Neopolitics of Energy
• Geopolitics of Energy (Oil & Gas) : Neopolitics: Growth of Renewable Energy
• 4
• Geopolitics of Energy (Oil & Gas) : Fossil Fuel Economies vs. Renewable Energy Geopolitics of Rare Earth Minerals
• Geopolitics of Water Crisis: Reasons for Poor Access to Drinking Water, Geopolitics and Access to Water and Water Routes
• 5
• Geopolitics of Water Crisis: Case Studies on Geopolitics of Water, Important International Treaties
• Geopolitics of Resources: Definition, Concept of Geopolitics, Establishing the Relation between Geopolitics and Resources
• 6
• Geopolitics of Resources: Resource and the Politics of Power, Relevance of Natural Resources, Classification of Resources Form a Geopolitical Basis, Resource and National Strategy, Resource Disputes

Social Geography (23)

Nature and Scope of Social Geography (1)

• 1
• Social Geography: Introduction

Social Structure and Social Processes (2)

• 1
• Social Structure: Concept of Social Structure, Components of Social Structure, Factors Affecting Changes in Society, Types of Social Structures
• Social Process: Concept of Social Process, Factors Affecting Social Processes, Change in Contemporary Societies

Elements of Social Geography (3)

• 1
• Activist Geography: Social Movements - Characteristics of Social Movement, Classification of Social Movements, Geography and Social Movements, Social Movements in Human Geography
• Activist Geography: Social Movements - Evolution of Geographical Space- Henri Lefebvre
• 2
• Activist Geography: Social Movements - Evolution of Place- John Agnew, Geography in Theories of Social Movements, Influence of Sociology on Geography

Concept of Social Well-Being (2)

• 1
• Social Well-Being: Dimensions of Wellness, Components of Social Well-Being, Pillars of Social Well-Being, Elements Contributing to Social Well-Being, Analysis of Social Well Being
• Quality of Life: Factors Affecting Quality of Life, Steps to Enhance Quality of Life, Social Development and Quality of Life, Social Wellbeing Versus Quality of Life

Social Exclusion (1)

• 1
• Social Segregation: Segregation: Self Imposed vs Institutional, Rise in Economic Segregation, Ghettos, Segregation and Equality: Vertical and Horizontal Segregation

Spatial Distribution of Social Groups in India: Tribe, Caste, Religion and Language (10)

• 1
• Tribe: Concept of Tribe, Tribal Society, Extinction of Tribal Heritage
• Tribe: Major Tribes of World- Pygmies, Bedouins, Bushmen, Aborigines, Masai, Eskimos, Khirghiz
• 2
• Tribe: Major Tribes of World- List of Major Tribes of the World
• Caste: Characteristics of Caste, Caste and Religions
• 3
• Caste: Caste System in the World- South, East, West Asia, Americas, Africa
• Class: Class Determinants, Consequences of Class Position, Class Systems
• 4
• Religion: Definition of Religion, Classification of Religion, Characteristics of Religion
• Religion: Major World Religions- Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Judaism, Confucianism, Jainism, Taoism
• 5
• Religion: Major World Religions- Shinto, Zoroastrianism, Baha՚i, Atheism, No Religion
• Spatial Distribution of Languages and Dialects in India

Tourism Geography & Medical Tourism (4)

• 1
• Tourism Geography: Concept of Tourism, Common Terminologies
• Tourism Geography: Types of Tourism, Motivators in Tourism
• 2
• Tourism Geography: Classification of Tourists Behavior
• Tourism Geography: Theories in Tourism Geography, Problems in Tourism Geography

Cultural Geography (17)

Nature and Scope of Cultural Geography (7)

• 1
• Cultural Geography: Introduction, Culture, Environment and Culture, Cultural Landscape, Elements of Culture
• Cultural Geography: Characteristics of Culture, Components of Culture, Interaction and Adaptation of Cultures, Cultural Terminology
• 2
• Cultural Geography: Huxley՚s Classification - Cultural Components, Leslie White՚s Classification, Cultural Hierarchy, Carl Sauer՚s Cultural Landscape
• Cultural Geography: Cultural Landscape Components, Functions of Culture, Modes of Acquiring Culture
• 3
• Cultural Geography: Nature and Scope of Cultural Geography, Objectives of Cultural Geography
• Cultural Geography: Cultural Heritage- Aspects of Cultural Heritage, Protecting Cultural Heritage, Where to Find and Preserve Cultural Heritage, Heritage Cycle by Simon Thurley
• 4
• Human Development Index: Human Development Indices, Human Development Index (HDI)

Languages (3)

• 1
• Dialect: Languages- “Language in Culture” & “Language and Culture”
• Languages: Language Ability of Population, Terminologies, Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
• 2
• Languages: Distribution of Major Languages of the World, Classification of Languages

Concept of Culture-Areas and Cultural Regions (2)

• 1
• Cultural Geography: Cultural Area, Cultural Regions, Culture Sustainability, Cultural Ecology, Cultural Convergence
• Cultural Regions of World: Types of Culture Regions, Cultural Realms of World

Tribes (3)

• 1
• Human Races and Ethnicity: Race, Ethnicity and Nationality, Ethnicity Terminology, Charter Groups and Doctrine of First Effective Settlement
• Human Races and Ethnicity: Distribution of Ethnicity in UsA, Origin of Race, Classification of Races
• 2
• Human Races and Ethnicity: Major Human Races, Racism

Dwelling Places as Cultural Expressions (1)

• 1
• Dwelling Places as Cultural Expression: Dwelling, Dwelling and Environment

Cultural Convergence (1)

• 1
• Cultural Classification: Hans Carol Classification and Development Stages

Regional Planning (39)

Regional Concept in Geography (10)

• 1
• Regional Planning Concept of a Region, Important Definitions
• Regional Planning: Region in Locality Groups, Aspects of a Region, Applications and Purpose of a Region, Characteristics of Region
• 2
• Regional Planning: Regional Geography
• Regionalism and New Regionalism: Regionalism, Old Regionalism, New Regionalism (NR)
• 3
• Regional Planning: Major Terms (a to D)
• Regional Planning: Major Terms (E to L)
• 4
• Regional Planning: Major Terms (M to R)
• Regional Planning: Major Terms (s to V)
• 5
• the Regional Concept and Regional Geography: Regional Concept and Regional Geography: a Historical Perspective, Attributes of Region, Topology of a Region
• the Regional Concept and Regional Geography: Regionalism; a Concept, Approaches to Study of Regions, Regional Geography, Recent Trends

Concept of Planning Region (3)

• 1
• Growth Centers and Growth Poles: Growth Poles, Growth Center, Differences between Growth Center and Growth Pole
• Regionalization: Characteristics of Regionalization, Techniques of Region Delimitation
• 2
• Regionalization: Deciding a Technique for Regionalization, Steps in Delimitation of Region, Problems in Regional Delimitation

Regional Hierarchy (2)

• 1
• Regional Hierarchy: Regional Hierarchy According to Rao and Misra (Growth Foci)
• Regional Hierarchy: Advantages of Growth Foci Structure

Types of Regions and Methods of Regional Delineation (3)

• 1
• Types of Regions: Based on Identification of Regions, Based on Regional Economics Perspective
• Types of Regions: Formal vs. Functional Region, Multilevel Planning Regions
• 2
• Types of Regions: Based on Economic Development, Based on Activity Status Analysis

Conceptual and Theoretical Framework of Regional Planning (16)

• 1
• Types of Planning
• Regional Planning: Characteristics of Regional Planning, Objectives of Regional Planning, Characteristics of a Planning Region, Principles of Regional Planning
• 2
• Regional Planning: Techniques of Regional Planning
• Regional Planning: Approaches to Regional Planning
• 3
• Regional Growth Theories: Regional Growth, Regional Development
• Regional Growth Theories: Classification of Regional Growth Theories, Classification for Based on Factors of Mobility
• 4
• Regional Growth Theories: Perroux Growth Pole Theory
• Regional Growth Theories: Myrdal՚s Cumulative Causation Theory
• 5
• Regional Growth Theories: Theory of Growth Centers & Growth Axis (Boudeville)
• Regional Growth Theories: Hirschman՚s Trickle down and Polarization Effect Theory, Rostow՚s Model of Stages of Growth
• 6
• Regional Growth Theories: Friedman՚s Core-Periphery Theory
• Regional Growth Theories: Export Base Theory (Exogenous Demand Driven) , Neoclassical Exogenous Growth Theory (Exogenous Supply Driven) , Hermansen՚s Theory of Unbalanced Growth
• 7
• Regional Growth Theories: Summary of Regional Growth Theories
• Planning for Sustainable Development: Sustainable Development, Problems Tackled by Sustainable Development
• 8
• Planning for Sustainable Development: Objectives of Sustainable Development, Components of Sustainable Development, Strategy for Sustainable Development
• Planning for Sustainable Development: Perspectives on Sustainable Development, Policy Directions for Sustainable Development

Indicators of Development (4)

• 1
• Basis and Approaches of Regional Development: Spatial Perspective, Historical Perspective
• Basis and Approaches of Regional Development: Economic Perspective, Political Perspective
• 2
• Regional Development Strategies (RDs) : Effective Regional Development Strategy, Weakness of Regional Development Strategies
• Environmental Issues in Regional Planning: Reducing Environmental Degradation by Regional Planning

Regional Imbalances (1)

• 1
• Regional Imbalances: Assessing Development, Levels of Development, Prominent Imbalances, Steps for Reducing Regional Imbalances

Geography of India (583)

Physiographic Divisions (10)

• 1
• Physical Setting: Major Facts
• Geographic Extremes of India
• 2
• Space Relationship of India with Neighboring Countries: Area of India, Administrative Divisions of India 2011 Census
• Physiographic Regions
• 3
• Physiographic Regions: Great Northern Plains
• Physiographic Regions: Peninsular Plateau
• 4
• Physiographic Regions: Gulfs, Islands
• Short Notes and Two-Markers on Indian Geography (a to C)
• 5
• Short Notes and Two-Markers on Indian Geography (D to M)
• Short Notes and Two-Markers on Indian Geography (P to W)

Climate and Its Regional Variations (42)

• 1
• Classical Mechanism of Indian Monsoons
• Classical Theories of Indian Monsoon: Halley Differential Heating (1686)
• 2
• Classical Theories of Indian Monsoon: Developing the Dynamic Concept of ITCZ (Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone) or Air Mass Theory
• Classical Theories of Indian Monsoon: Difference between Halley՚s and ITCZ Concepts, Flohn՚s Theory (1958)
• 3
• Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Indian Monsoon and Himalayas as Barrier
• Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Longitudinal Extent of Asia, Impact of Jet Stream and Tibetan Plateau (TP)
• 4
• Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Himalayan Snow Cover, Indian Ocean Dipole
• Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Low Level Somali Jet (LLJ) or Findlater Jet
• 5
• Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Somali Current
• Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Great Whirl, ENsO (El Nino and La Nina)
• 6
• Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO)
• Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Impact of Global Warming on Indian Monsoon
• 7
• Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Summary of Monsoon Factors
• Weather Prediction: Monsoon Prediction
• 8
• Weather Prediction: Extreme Weather Events, Models Used in IMD
• Weather Prediction: Parameters Included in Forecasting
• 9
• Weather Prediction: Terms Used in IMD Forecast
• Progress and Phases of Indian Monsoons: Onset of the Monsoon
• 10
• Progress and Phases of Indian Monsoons: Burst of Monsoon, Pre-Monsoon Showers
• Progress and Phases of Indian Monsoons: SW Monsoon
• 11
• Progress and Phases of Indian Monsoons: Retreating Monsoon or Northeast Monsoon, Summary of Characteristics of the Monsoons
• Western Disturbances (WD) : Mechanism
• 12
• Western Disturbances (WD) : Effect of Western Disturbance, Interaction between Monsoon & Western Disturbances
• Cyclonic Activity in Indian Ocean: Cyclone Warning
• 13
• Cyclonic Activity in Indian Ocean: Naming of Cyclones
• Cyclonic Activity in Indian Ocean: IMD Classification of Low Pressure Systems
• 14
• Cyclonic Activity in Indian Ocean: Yearly Variation in Cyclonic Activity
• Cyclonic Activity in Indian Ocean: Comparison of Cyclonic Activity and Devastation between Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea
• 15
• Cyclonic Activity in Indian Ocean: Effect of El NiñO and El NiñO Modoki
• Overall Rainfall Distribution in India: Distribution between Components of Rainfall, Spatial Distribution of Winter Rainfall
• 16
• Overall Rainfall Distribution in India: Spatial Distribution of Summer Rainfall, Overall Spatial Distribution of Rainfall
• Floods and Droughts: Floods
• 17
• Floods and Droughts: Droughts
• Seasons in India: Winter (December-March)
• 18
• Seasons in India: Summer (April-May)
• Seasons in India: Monsoon (June-september) , Post Monsoon or Autumn (October-November)
• 19
• Climatic Regions: Factors Affecting Indian Climate
• Climatic Regions: Regional Variations in Climate of India
• 20
• Climatic Regions: Classification by Stamp and Kendrew
• Climatic Regions: Trewartha՚s Classification
• 21
• Climatic Regions: Bansal՚s Classification
• Climatic Regions: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIs) Classification

Vegetation Types and Vegetation Regions (13)

• 1
• Natural Vegetation: Moist Tropical Forests
• Natural Vegetation: Dry Tropical Forests
• 2
• Natural Vegetation: Montane Sub-Tropical Forests
• Natural Vegetation: Sub Alpine, Alpine
• 3
• Natural Vegetation: Classification by H. G. Champion (1936)
• Natural Vegetation: Area under Different Forests Types in India
• 4
• Natural Vegetation: Density of Forests
• Land Resources: Land Use, Land Type, Area Classification
• 5
• Land Resources: Land Problems
• Land Resources: Solution of Land Problems
• 6
• Forest Resources: Classification of Forests
• Forest Resources: Major Forest Products
• 7
• Forest Resources: Major Species and Their Uses

Major Soil Types (11)

• 1
• Soil Types and Their Distributions: Alluvial Soils
• Soil Types and Their Distributions: Black Soils (Regur)
• 2
• Soil Types and Their Distributions: Red Soils
• Soil Types and Their Distributions: Laterite Soils
• 3
• Soil Types and Their Distributions: Forest Soils, Peat and Organic Soils
• Soil Types and Their Distributions: Mountainous Soils
• 4
• Soil Types and Their Distributions: Skeletal Soils
• Soil Types and Their Distributions: Desert Soils
• 5
• Soil Types and Their Distributions: Alkali and Saline Soils
• Soil Erosion in India: Causes of Soil Erosion in India
• 6
• Soil Erosion in India: Types of Soil Erosion in India, Factors Affecting Soil Erosion, Soil Conservation in India

Coastal and Marine Resources (4)

• 1
• Marine Resources: Introduction, Marine Biodiversity
• Marine Resources: Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Malvan (Marine) Wildlife Sanctuary
• 2
• Marine Resources: Types of Deposits, Major Marine Programs
• Marine Resources: Marine Fishery

Water Resources (17)

• 1
• Drainage System and Watersheds: Formations by Westward and Eastward Rivers
• Drainage System and Watersheds: Himalayan Rivers
• 2
• Drainage System and Watersheds: Peninsular East Flowing Rivers
• Drainage System and Watersheds: Peninsular West Flowing Rivers
• 3
• Surface and Ground Water Resources: Water Situation in India
• Surface and Ground Water Resources: Groundwater Development
• 4
• Surface and Ground Water Resources: Surface Water Resources
• Surface and Ground Water Resources: Urgent Need for Water Resources Management
• 5
• Surface and Ground Water Resources: Challenges in Management of Water Resources
• Surface and Ground Water Resources: Strategic Options for Water Resource Management
• 6
• Surface and Ground Water Resources: Water Conservation Efforts
• Linkage of Rivers: Introduction
• 7
• Linkage of Rivers: Schemes for River Linkages
• Linkage of Rivers: Successful Projects Worldwide, Reasons for River Interlinking in India
• 8
• Linkage of Rivers: Achievements of Inter-Linking Project in India
• Linkage of Rivers: Benefits of River Interlinking, Disadvantages of River Interlinking
• 9
• Policy Model of India in Resource Management: Institutions and Policy Models, Policies Model in Water Sector, Critical Appreciation

Agriculture (55)

• 1
• Biotic Resources: Cattle
• Biotic Resources: Buffaloes, Goat Rearing
• 2
• Biotic Resources: Sheep Rearing, Poultry Farming
• Agricultural Census: Highlights of Agriculture Census 2010 - 11
• 3
• Land Capability: Factors Determining Land-Capability
• Land Capability: Land Capability Classification
• 4
• Forestry: National Forest Policy
• Forestry: Forest Conservation Measures
• 5
• Forestry: Research and Development, Agro-Forestry and Social-Forestry
• Forestry: Problems of Indian Forestry
• 6
• Dry Farming: Introduction, Dry Farming in India, Regions of Dryland Agriculture
• Dry Farming: Characteristics of Dryland Agriculture, Problems of Dry Farming in India
• 7
• Dry Farming: Dry Farming Zones in India, Recommendations for Dry Farming Areas
• Livestock Resources: Introduction, Importance of Livestock Resources
• 8
• Livestock Resources: Production and Trade, Contribution of Livestock
• Livestock Resources: Issues in Livestock Sector
• 9
• Poultry: Characteristics of Poultry Farming
• Poultry: Indian Fowls, Production
• 10
• Poultry: Trade, Issues in Poultry Farming
• Poultry: Issues in Poultry Industry, Central Poultry Development Organization
• 11
• Poultry: Recent Schemes (More Schemes)
• Milk Production (White Revolution or Operation Flood) : Basis of White Revolution, Objectives of White Revolution
• 12
• Milk Production (White Revolution or Operation Flood) : Phases of White Revolution, Milk Production Trends
• Milk Production (White Revolution or Operation Flood) : Milk Distribution
• 13
• Milk Production (White Revolution or Operation Flood) : Achievements of White Revolution
• Milk Production (White Revolution or Operation Flood) : Problems of White Revolution, Future Prospects of Dairy Development
• 14
• Meat Production
• Meat Production: Trade
• 15
• Meat Production: Consumption
• Meat Production: Government Initiatives
• 16
• Wool Production: Government Initiatives, Issues in Wool Industry
• Wool Production: Trade
• 17
• Yellow Revolution (Oilseeds)
• Blue Revolution: Introduction, Types of Fisheries
• 18
• Blue Revolution: Production
• Blue Revolution: Consumption
• 19
• Blue Revolution: Achievements of Blue Revolution, Shrimp Trade
• Blue Revolution: Strategies for the Fisheries Development
• 20
• Blue Revolution: Problems in Development of Fisheries
• Aquaculture: Growth and Development of Aquaculture, Types of Aquaculture
• 21
• Aquaculture: Aquaculture in India, Problems in Aquaculture
• Sericulture: Bombyx Mori, Distribution of Types of Silk in India
• 22
• Sericulture: Temperate Tasar
• Sericulture: Sericulture in India, Trade (Indian Silk Export Promotion Council)
• 23
• Sericulture: Central Silk Board (Industry Promotion)
• Sericulture: Advantages of Sericulture, Problems in Development of Sericulture, Prospects
• 24
• Apiculture: Introduction to Beekeeping
• Apiculture: Beekeeping
• 25
• Apiculture: World Production and Consumption, Production and Distribution in India
• Apiculture: Honey Consumption in India, Honey Types in India, Resources & Infrastructure for Honey Production, Apiculture Management and Technology
• 26
• Apiculture: Prospects, Sweet Revolution, Advantages of Beekeeping
• Agricultural Regionalization: Characteristics of Agricultural Region
• 27
• Agricultural Regionalization: Techniques to Define Agricultural Regions
• Changes in Patterns of Land Use: Land Use Pattern Changes
• 28
• Agricultural Planning in India: Introduction

Agroclimatic Regions (12)

• 1
• Agricultural Regionalization: Classification of Agricultural Regions
• Agro-Climatic Zones: Objectives to Analyze Agro-Climatic Regions, Agro-Climatic Regions of India
• 2
• Agro-Climatic Zones: Agro-Climatic Regions of India (Eastern Himalayan Region, Lower Gangetic Plains, Middle Gangetic Plains)
• Agro-Climatic Zones: Agro-Climatic Regions of India (Upper Gangetic Plains, Trans-Gangetic Plains, Eastern Plateau and Hills)
• 3
• Agro-Climatic Zones: Agro-Climatic Regions of India (Central Plateau and Hills, Western Plateau and Hills Region, Southern Plateau and Hills)
• Agro-Climatic Zones: Agro-Climatic Regions of India (East Coast Plains and Hills, West Coast Plains and Ghats, Gujarat Plains and Hills)
• 4
• Agro-Climatic Zones: Agro-Climatic Regions of India (Western Dry Region, Island Region)
• Agro-Ecological Regions: Concept and Introduction, Agro-Ecological Regions of India
• 5
• Agro Climatic Regions of India: Introduction
• Agro Climatic Regions of India: Zone 1 to 4 - Western Himalayan Region, Eastern Himalayan Region, Lower Gangetic Plains Region, Middle Gangetic Plains Region
• 6
• Agro Climatic Regions of India: Zone 5 to 9 - Upper Gangetic Plains Region, Trans-Gangetic Plains Region, Eastern Plateau and Hills Region, Central Plateau and Hills Region, Western Plateau and Hills Region
• Agro Climatic Regions of India: Zone 10 to 15 - Southern Plateau and Hills Region, East Coast Plains and Hills Region, West Coast Plains and Ghats Region, Gujarat Plains and Hills Region, Western Dry Region, the Islands Region

Mineral and Power Resources (20)

• 1
• Energy Resources: Conventional Energy Resources (Coal)
• Energy Resources: Conventional Energy Resources (Petroleum)
• 2
• Energy Resources: Conventional Energy Resources (Natural Gas, Thermal and Nuclear Electricity Sources)
• Energy Resources: Non-Conventional Energy Resources
• 3
• Mineral Resources: Mineral Belts of India
• Mineral Resources: Major Mining Centers
• 4
• Mineral Resources: Iron-Ore
• Mineral Resources: Manganese
• 5
• Mineral Resources: Aluminum (Bauxite)
• Mineral Resources: Copper
• 6
• Mineral Resources: Chromite, Lead
• Mineral Resources: Zinc, Tungsten
• 7
• Mineral Resources: Gold
• Mineral Resources: Silver, Mica
• 8
• Mineral Resources: Limestone
• Mineral Resources: Diamond, Distribution of Other Major Minerals
• 9
• Mineral Resources: Problems of Mining Industry, Conservation of Minerals
• Energy Crisis: Energy in Indian Scenario, Oil Production in India, Energy Crisis in India
• 10
• Energy Crisis: Reasons for Energy Crisis in India, Remedies to Energy Crisis
• Energy Crisis: Renewable Energy Targets

Settlement Patterns (38)

• 1
• Rural Settlements: Villages in Census
• Rural Settlements: Classification of Villages Based on Size, Rural Settlement Morphology
• 2
• Rural Settlements: External Structure of Rural Settlement
• Rural Settlements: House Types in India
• 3
• Rural Settlements: Evolution and Growth of Rural Settlements
• Urban Settlement: Definition of Urban Area in India, Urban Agglomeration
• 4
• Urban Settlement: Classification of Indian Towns Based on Evolution
• Urban Settlement: Classification of Indian Cities Based on Population Size
• 5
• Urban Settlement: Classification of Indian Cities Based on HRA (House Rent Allowance)
• Functional Classification of Indian Cities: S. M. Rafiullah՚s Classification
• 6
• Functional Classification of Indian Cities: Ashok Mitra՚s Classification
• Functional Classification of Indian Cities: Dr. M. K. Jain՚ Classification
• 7
• Functional Classification of Indian Cities: Shekhar Mukherji՚s Classification, Classification Based on Specialized Functions
• Morphology of Indian Cities: Morphology of Indian Towns Based on Evolution
• 8
• Morphology of Indian Cities: Urban Land Use Models, Urban Land Use Model by C. D. Deshpande
• Conurbations and Metropolitan Regions
• 9
• Urban Sprawl: Pattern of Sprawl
• Urban Sprawl: Concept and Definition of Sprawl
• 10
• Urban Sprawl: Characteristics of Sprawl, Spatial Forms of Sprawl
• Urban Sprawl: Factors Affecting Sprawl
• 11
• Rural-Urban Fringe: Definitions in Indian Context
• Rural-Urban Fringe: Structure of Rural-Urban Fringe in India
• 12
• Slums and Associated Problems: Slums and Its Classification, Causes of Slum Development
• Slums and Associated Problems: Distribution of Slums in India
• 13
• Slums and Associated Problems: Characteristics of Indian Slums
• Slums and Associated Problems: 2011 Census Key Excerpts
• 14
• Town Planning or Urban Planning: Principles of Town Planning, Examples of Exemplary Urban Planning
• Town Planning or Urban Planning: Policy Measures
• 15
• Town Planning or Urban Planning: Organizational Efforts for Town Planning in India
• Town Planning or Urban Planning: Major Schemes for Town Planning in India
• 16
• Town Planning or Urban Planning: Smart City Mission
• Problems of Urbanization and Remedies: Problems of Urbanization
• 17
• Problems of Urbanization and Remedies: Solutions to Urbanization
• Land Use and Land Cover Classification: Introduction, Concept, Land Use Information
• 18
• Land Use and Land Cover Classification: Classification of Land Use in India, Land Capability Classification, Fivefold Land Utilisation Classification
• Land Use and Land Cover Classification: Agricultural Land Use in India, Classification Level
• 19
• Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
• Smart Cities

Regional Disparities in Social and Economic Development (71)

• 1
• Regional Planning in India: Introduction, Inputs to Regional Planning
• Regional Planning in India: Principles of Regional Planning
• 2
• Regional Planning in India: Framework of Regional Development
• Regional Planning in India: Planning at National, State, and Local-Level
• 3
• Regional Planning in India: Failures of Planning
• Overview of Indian Planning System and Five Year Plans: First Five-Year Plan (1951 - 1955)
• 4
• Five Year Plans: Second Five-Year Plan (1956 - 1961)
• Five Year Plans: Third Five-Year Plan (1961 - 1966)
• 5
• Five Year Plans: Plan Holidays (Gadgil Formula)
• Five Year Plans: Fourth Five-Year Plan (1969 - 74)
• 6
• Five Year Plans: Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974 - 78)
• Five Year Plans: Sixth Five-Year Plan (1980 - 85)
• 7
• Five Year Plans: Seventh Five-Year Plan (1985 - 90)
• Five Year Plans: Annual Plans (1990 - 92) , Eighth Five-Year Plan (1992 - 97)
• 8
• Five Year Plans: Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002 - 07)
• Five Year Plans: Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007 - 2012)
• 9
• Five Year Plans: Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012 - 2017)
• Five Year Plans: Achievements of Five-Year Plans
• 10
• NITI Aayog: 7 Pillars of Effective Governance
• NITI Aayog: Key Objectives of NITI Aayog (Vis a Vis Planning Commission) , Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) & Self-Employment and Talent Utilization (sETU)
• 11
• Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP) : Introduction, Program Details
• Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP) : Objectives of IRDP, New Initiatives under IRDP
• 12
• Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP) : Problems of IRDP, Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (sGsY) , Million Wells Scheme (MWs)
• Panchayati Raj and Decentralized Planning: Decentralized Planning
• 13
• Panchayati Raj and Decentralized Planning: Panchayati Raj
• PMsKY (Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana) - 2015: Objectives of PMsKY, Amalgamation of Schemes under PMsKY
• 14
• PMsKY (Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana) - 2015: Components of PMsKY
• Command Area Development (CAD) : Highlights of CAD Program
• 15
• Command Area Development (CAD) : Objectives of CAD Program, Functions of CAD
• Command Area Development (CAD) : Problems in CAD Projects
• 16
• Command Area Development (CAD) : Command Area Development and Water Management (CADWM) Program
• Command Area Development (CAD) : Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area Development Program
• 17
• Watershed Management: Components of Watershed Management
• Watershed Management: Factors Affecting of Watershed Management
• 18
• Watershed Management: Objectives of Watershed Management
• Watershed Management: Watershed Management Programs
• 19
• Watershed Management: Kalpsar Project
• Planning for Backward Areas
• 20
• Planning for Backward Areas: Characteristics of Backward Areas, Backward Area Development Programs in Five Year Plans
• Planning for Backward Areas: Classification of Backward Area Development Programs
• 21
• Planning for Backward Areas: Identification of Backward Areas
• Desert Development Plan: Introduction, Objectives of DDP
• 22
• Desert Development Plan: Regional Implementation of DDP, Reasons for Launch of DDP
• Desert Development Plan: Strategies for Development
• 23
• Desert Development Plan: National Watershed Development Program (DPAP, DDP, and IWDP)
• Tribal Area Development Programs (TADPs) : Integrated Development of Tribal Areas, Tribal Sub-Plan (TsP)
• 24
• Tribal Area Development Programs (TADPs) : Special Central Assistance (sCA) , Other Initiatives for Tribal Development
• Hill Area Development Programs (HADP) : Designated Hill Areas, Hill Area Development Programs
• 25
• Hill Area Development Programs (HADP) : Western Ghats Development Program (WGDP)
• Multi-Level Planning: Mechanism of Multi-Level Planning
• 26
• Multi-Level Planning: Multi-Level Planning Units in India
• Multi-Level Planning: Structure and Functions of Multilevel Planning Organizations
• 27
• Multi-Level Planning: Requirements for Multi-Level Planning
• Multi-Level Planning: Merits of Multi-Level Planning, Constraints of Multi-Level Planning
• 28
• Concept and Indicators of Development: Concept of Development
• Concept and Indicators of Development: Indicators to Measure Development and under-Development
• 29
• Concept and Indicators of Development: Indicators to Measure Regional Imbalances
• Development of Island Territories: Andaman and Nicobar Islands
• 30
• Development of Island Territories: Lakshadweep
• Geography and Regional Planning: Role of Geographers in Regional Planning
• 31
• Geography and Regional Planning: Delineation of Regions in India
• Regional Imbalances: Introduction, Extent of Regional Disparity
• 32
• Regional Imbalances: Causes of Regional Imbalances, Challenges for Regional Planning
• Regional Imbalances: Strategies for Reducing Imbalances
• 33
• Geographical Basis of Indian Federalism: Definitions on Federation, Indian Federation
• State Reorganization of 1956: Formation of States After Indian Independence Act 1947
• 34
• State Reorganization of 1956: States Reorganization Act of 1956, Committees
• Post 1956 States Formation
• 35
• Regional Disparities in Economic Development: Regional Disparities During British Period
• Policy Model of India in Resource Management: Natural Resource Management for Poverty Alleviation
• 36
• Five Year Plans in India

Wildlife (10)

• 1
• Wild Life Destruction and Preservation: Destruction of Wildlife
• Wild Life Destruction and Preservation: Strategy for Wildlife Conservation
• 2
• Wild Life Resources: Introduction, Reducing Wild Habitats
• Wild Life Resources: Wild Life Conservation Efforts
• 3
• Wild Life Resources: Ecozones of India
• Wild Life Resources: Wetlands
• 4
• Wild Life Resources: Wildlife Conservation Strategy
• Biogeographical Classification of India
• 5
• Extinction of Species with Special Reference to India
• Wildlife Protection Act, (WLPA, 1972)

Geological Timescale (9)

• 1
• Structure: Movement of India to Present Position
• Structure: Cratons of India
• 2
• Structure: Tectonic Evolution of India
• Structure: Precambrian Archean System
• 3
• Structure: Tectonic Evolution of Proterozoic Systems
• Structure: Palaeozoic (Cambrian to Carboniferous Period)
• 4
• Structure: Mesozoic
• Structure: Cenozoic Era
• 5
• Structure: India Geological Map (summary)

Growth and Composition: Rural-Urban, Age, Sex, Occupational, Educational, Ethnic and Religious (39)

• 1
• Historical Perspective of Indian Society: Historical Analysis of Indian Society
• Racial and Ethnic Diversities: Distribution of Racial Groups
• 2
• Religious Minorities: Hindus, Muslims
• Religious Minorities: Christians, Sikhs
• 3
• Religious Minorities: Buddhists, Jains
• Religious Minorities: Parsis
• 4
• Demographic Attributes: Introduction, Basic Statistics of 2011 Census
• Growth, Distribution and Density of Population: Distribution of Population
• 5
• Growth, Distribution and Density of Population: Growth of Population
• Growth, Distribution and Density of Population: Stages of Population Growth, Features of India՚s Population Growth
• 6
• Growth, Distribution and Density of Population: Replacement Level TFR, Density of Population
• Growth, Distribution and Density of Population: Child Population
• 7
• Growth, Distribution and Density of Population: Goal of Stable Population
• Sex-Ratio
• 8
• Sex-Ratio: Reasons for High Sex Ratio in Some States
• Sex-Ratio: Child Sex Ratio, Goals of 11th Five Year Plan
• 9
• Age Structure: Problems in Determining Age Structure, Population Pyramid
• Dependency Ratio
• 10
• Literacy Rate: Definition of Literacy, Working Definition of Literacy
• Literacy Rate: Growth of Literacy
• 11
• Literacy Rate: Literacy Variation between States
• Literacy Rate: Efforts for Literacy Improvement
• 12
• Work-Force: 2011 Census Analysis of Work-Force
• Work-Force: 1991 Census Analysis of Work-Force
• 13
• Work-Force: 2011 Census Analysis of Work-Force, Labor Relations, Future of India՚s Work-Force
• Migration: Reasons for Migration, Internal Migration in India
• 14
• Migration: Statewise Migration Patterns
• Migration: International Migration
• 15
• Health Indicators: Health and Healthcare, Important Health Indicators, Prevalence of Disease in Indian Population
• Health Indicators: Pharmaceutical Market, Health Infrastructure
• 16
• Health Indicators: Healthcare Spending, Health Sector Reforms and Schemes
• Health Indicators: Accessibility and TB Eradication
• 17
• Health Indicators: Regulation and Management
• Achievements in Health Care: National Health Policy 2017
• 18
• Achievements in Health Care: National Health Policy 2015
• National Health Policy 2015: Objectives
• 19
• National Health Policy 2015 - Focus: 7 Priority Areas
• National Health Policy 2002: Healthcare Policy Objectives (2002)
• 20
• Longevity

Determinants of Population (18)

• 1
• Historical Perspective of Indian Society
• Scheduled Castes and Tribes: Scheduled Castes (sCs)
• 2
• Scheduled Castes and Tribes: Distribution of SCs
• Scheduled Castes and Tribes: Scheduled Tribes (sTs)
• 3
• Scheduled Castes and Tribes: Distribution of st
• Classification of Tribes: Racial Classification, Linguistic Classification
• 4
• Classification of Tribes: Geographical Classification, Economic Classification
• Classification of Tribes: Cultural Classification
• 5
• Classification of Tribes: Classification Based on Integration
• Major Tribes
• 6
• Major Tribes: Tribes Found in Various Regions of India
• Tribal Areas in India: Regional Distribution of Tribes
• 7
• Problems of Tribals and Their Solutions: Tribal Problems, Solutions to Tribal Problems
• Problems of Tribals and Their Solutions: Policy Measures
• 8
• Problems of Tribals and Their Solutions: Steps for Tribal Upliftment, Solving Problems through “Development in Isolation”
• Cultural Regions: Languages, Linguistic Diversities, and Regions
• 9
• Cultural Regions: Cultural Regions of India
• Human Development Index in India

Major Crop Regions (8)

• 1
• Cropping System (Patterns) : Factors Affecting Choice of Cropping Patterns
• Cropping System (Patterns) : Advantages of Crop Patterns, Types of Cropping Systems
• 2
• Cropping System (Patterns) : Polyculture and Crop Rotation
• Cropping System (Patterns) : Efforts to Increase Crop Intensity, Cropping Regions
• 3
• Cropping System (Patterns) : Cropping Patterns in India
• Cropping System (Patterns) : Crop Combination
• 4
• Cropping System (Patterns) : Diversification of Cropping Patterns in India, Crop Concentration
• Cropping System (Patterns) : Major Crops of India

Regional Variations in Agricultural Development (7)

• 1
• Agricultural Schemes: Marketing, Storage, and Processing
• Agricultural Schemes: Increasing Productivity
• 2
• Agricultural Schemes: Insurance and Financing, Agricultural Forecasting, Sectoral Schemes
• Five Year Plans: Ninth Five-Year Plan (1997 - 02)
• 3
• Watershed Management
• Watershed Management: SAUNI Yojana
• 4
• Desert Development Plan: Funding and Expenditure in DDP, Drawbacks of DDP

Environmental, Technological and Institutional Factors Affecting Indian Agriculture (40)

• 1
• Infrastructure (Irrigation, Seeds, Fertilizers, Power) : Water Management
• Infrastructure (Irrigation, Seeds, Fertilizers, Power) : Seed
• 2
• Infrastructure (Irrigation, Seeds, Fertilizers, Power) : Fertilizers
• Infrastructure (Irrigation, Seeds, Fertilizers, Power) : Power
• 3
• Multipurpose Projects in India
• Institutional Factors (Land Holdings, Land Tenure, and Land Reforms) : Land Holdings, Land Tenure
• 4
• Institutional Factors (Land Holdings, Land Tenure, and Land Reforms) : Land Reforms
• Institutional Factors (Land Holdings, Land Tenure, and Land Reforms) : Agricultural Cooperatives
• 5
• Agricultural Productivity: Measuring Agricultural Productivity
• Agricultural Productivity: Agricultural Productivity Regions
• 6
• Agricultural Productivity: Ways to Boost Agricultural Productivity
• Agricultural Productivity: Risk Management in Agriculture
• 7
• Agricultural Productivity: Contract Farming
• Agricultural Intensity: Introduction, Agricultural Intensity in India
• 8
• Agricultural Intensity: Factors Affecting Agricultural Intensity, Reasons of High Agricultural Intensity
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) : Activities in EIA, Technology in EIA
• 9
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) : Data Used in EIA, Methods and Types of EIA
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) : Process of EIA, Application of EIA
• 10
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) : EIA in India
• Environmental Management: Aspects of Environmental Management, Objectives of Environmental Management
• 11
• Environmental Management: Component of Environmental Management, Approaches of Environmental Management
• Environmental Management: Problems of Environmental Management, Environmental Management System (EMs)
• 12
• Environmental Management: International Organization for Standardization (14000) , Green House Gas Emissions and Carbon Trading
• Environmental Management: NGRBA and NMCG
• 13
• Environmental Management: Namami Gange: Integrated Ganga Rejuvenation Plan (2015 - 2019)
• Environmental Management: Blue Economy & Ocean Economy
• 14
• Deforestation: Impact of Britishers, Post-Independence Phase
• Deforestation: Change in Forest Cover, Biodiversity and Protected Areas
• 15
• Deforestation: Local Traditions: Forests & Wildlife Conservation
• Deforestation: Case Studies on Forest Conservation
• 16
• Desertification: Introduction, Extent of Desertification
• Desertification: Causes of Desertification
• 17
• Desertification: Initiatives to Combat Desertification
• Environmental Awareness: Awareness About Environmental Protection
• 18
• Environmental Awareness: National Efforts
• Environmental Awareness: National Green Tribunal
• 19
• Changes in Patterns of Land Use: Land Use Pattern Comparison
• Regional Disparities in Economic Development: Regional Disparities After Independence
• 20
• Problems of Agrarian and Industrial Unrest: Agrarian Unrest
• Problems of Agrarian and Industrial Unrest: Industrial Unrest

Green Revolution, Food Security and Right to Food (14)

• 1
• Major Agricultural Revolutions
• Green Revolution: Origin of Green Revolution, Reasons for Green Revolution in India
• 2
• Green Revolution: Elements of Green Revolution in India, High Yielding Varieties (HYV) Seeds
• Green Revolution: Green Revolution - Achievements
• 3
• Green Revolution: Green Revolution - Problems
• Green Revolution: Recent Developments
• 4
• Green Revolution: Important Statistics, Organization of Organic Farm Industry
• Population Explosion and Food Security: Need for Food Security in India
• 5
• Population Explosion and Food Security: Right to Food
• Population Explosion and Food Security: Food Issues
• 6
• Population Explosion and Food Security: Tackling Food Security Problems, Challenges for India՚s Food Security Policy
• Food Security: Concept and Dimensions, Global Initiatives, Measuring Food Security
• 7
• Food Security: Food Balance Sheets, Spatial Pattern of Food Security in the World, Food Security Status in India
• Food Security: National Food Security Act in India, Causes of Food Insecurity, Consequences of Food Insecurity

Industrial Development Since Independence (57)

• 1
• Evolution of Industries: Pre-Independence Period
• Evolution of Industries: Post-Independence Period (Five-Year Plans)
• 2
• Measuring Industrial Performance: Index of Eight Core Industries
• Measuring Industrial Performance: Index of Industrial Production (IIP)
• 3
• Classification of Industries Based on Size: Cottage Industries, Difference between Small-scale and Cottage Industries
• Factors of Localization of Industry: Policy Impact on Industrial Location
• 4
• Textile Industry in India: Promotion of Textile Industry, Export Promotion Efforts
• Cotton Textile Industry: Introduction, Growth of Indian Cotton Industry
• 5
• Cotton Textile Industry: Cotton Textile Production in India
• Cotton Textile Industry: Distribution of Cotton Textiles
• 6
• Cotton Textile Industry: Problems of the Cotton Textile Industry
• Jute Industry: Introduction, Production Trend of Jute, Distribution of Jute Mills
• 7
• Jute Industry: Location and Locational Factors, Jute Exports
• Jute Industry: Cause of Decline of Jute Exports and Problems of Jute Industry, Measures for Improvement of Jute Industries
• 8
• Synthetic Fiber Industry: Highlights of Synthetic Textile Industry, Trade
• Iron and Steel Industry: Introduction, Iron and Steel Consumption, History of Development of Indian Steel Plants
• 9
• Iron and Steel Industry: Distribution of Iron and Steel Industry in India
• Iron and Steel Industry: Future Prospects of Steel Industry, Problems of Iron and Steel Industry
• 10
• Iron and Steel Industry: Government Efforts, Iron & Steel Exports
• Aluminum Industry: Introduction, Aluminum Consumption, Production of Aluminum
• 11
• Aluminum Industry: Major Aluminum Companies and Plants, Aluminum Imports
• Paper Industry: Introduction, Paper Production, Paper Consumption, Indian Paper Industry
• 12
• Paper Industry: Major Raw Materials, Distribution of Paper Industry
• Paper Industry: Paper Consumption, Foreign Trade
• 13
• Paper Industry: Problems of Paper Industry, Developments
• Chemical Industry: Locational Factors, Global Distribution of Heavy Chemical Industries
• 14
• Chemical Industry: Chemical Industry in India, Heavy Inorganic Chemicals
• Chemical Industry: Heavy Organic Chemicals
• 15
• Chemical Industry: Pesticide Industry, Dye Industry
• Chemical Industry: Soaps and Detergents Industry, Prospects of Chemical Industry
• 16
• Pharmaceutical Industry: Indian Pharmaceutical Industry, Indian Pharmaceutical Companies
• Fertilizer Industry: Major Undertakings of Fertilizer Industry
• 17
• Fertilizer Industry: Distribution of Fertilizer Industry, Fertilizer Imports
• Summary of Other Industries in India: Engineering Equipment
• 18
• Summary of Other Industries in India: Electronic and Electrical Equipment
• Summary of Other Industries in India: Cement Industry, Woolen Textile Industry
• 19
• Summary of Other Industries in India: Silk Industry, Chemical Industry
• Cottage Industries: Common Cottage Industries
• 20
• Cottage Industries: Importance of Cottage Industries, Problems of Cottage Industries
• Cottage Industries: Government Efforts to Promote Cottage Industries
• 21
• Agro-Based Industries: Sugar Industry
• Agro-Based Industries: Edible or Vegetable Oil Industry
• 22
• Agro-Based Industries: Tea Industry
• Agro-Based Industries: Coffee Industry
• 23
• Industrial Houses: Tata Group, Reliance Group
• Industrial Houses: Birla Group, Singhania Group, Goenka Group, Modi Group
• 24
• Industrial Houses: Bajaj Group, Sriram Group, Oberoi Group, Jindal Group
• Industrial Houses: Escort Group, Kirloskar Group, Firodia Group, UB Group
• 25
• Industrial Houses: Sarabhai Group, Jagatjit Group, Godrej Group
• Public Sector Undertakings: Classification of Public Sector Enterprises (PsEs)
• 26
• Public Sector Undertakings: Objectives of Public Sector, Causes of Expansion of Public Sector
• Public Sector Undertakings: Characteristics of Public Sector, Growth of Public Sector
• 27
• Public Sector Undertakings: Distribution of Public Sector Investment, Problems of Public Sector
• Public Sector Undertakings: Remedial Strategies to Promote Public Sector, Industrial Regionalization
• 28
• Public Sector Undertakings: B. N. Sinha՚s Classification
• Multinational Corporations: India as Major Destination
• 29
• Multinational Corporations: Indian Multinationals Abroad

Industrial Policies in India (6)

• 1
• Industrial Policy: Policy Objectives, Subjects Covered under Industrial Policy
• Industrial Policy: Bombay Plan, Industrial Policy Resolution, 1956
• 2
• Industrial Policy: Industrial Policy Measures in 1960՚s and 1970՚s, Industrial Policy Statement, 1973
• Industrial Policy: Industrial Policy Statement, 1977, Industrial Policy Statement, 1980
• 3
• Industrial Policy: Industrial Policy, 1991, Dimensions of New Industrial Policy
• Fertilizer Industry: Production of Fertilizers

Development and Patterns of Transport Networks: Railways, Roadways, Waterways, Airways and Pipelines (39)

• 1
• Tourism Including Eco-Tourism: Tourism, National Tourism Policy
• Tourism Including Eco-Tourism: Government Schemes for Tourism Promotion
• 2
• Tourism Including Eco-Tourism: Ecotourism
• Tourism Including Eco-Tourism: Rural Tourism
• 3
• Means of Transportation: Classification of Transportation, Importance of Transportation
• Means of Transportation: Complementary Role of Transportation in Regional Development
• 4
• Road Transport: Introduction
• Road Transport: Classification of Roads in India
• 5
• Road Transport: National Highway Projects
• Road Transport: Bharatmala Pariyojana
• 6
• Urban Transportation Policy
• Road Transport: Roads and Rural Development Plan, Road Density Variation in India
• 7
• Road Transport: Advantages of Road Transport, Limitations of Road-Transport
• Railway Transport: Introduction
• 8
• Railway Transport: Railway Gauges
• Railway Transport: Railways Locomotives (Engines) , Railway Zones
• 9
• Railway Transport: Railway Distribution Network
• Railway Transport: Efforts and Schemes for Railway Modernization
• 10
• Railway Transport: Notable Stations, Railway Lines, and Trains
• Railway Transport: Merits and Importance of Railway Transport
• 11
• Railway Transport: Main Problems of Indian Railways
• Air Transport: Introduction, Classification of Air Transport
• 12
• Air Transport: Civil Aviation Corporations
• Air Transport: Private Sector in Aviation, Airports
• 13
• Air Transport: Advantages of Air Transport, Limitations of Air Transport
• Waterways: Introduction, Important Organizations, Types of Water Transport
• 14
• Waterways: National Waterways, Sethu-samudram Project
• Waterways: Sagar Mala Project
• 15
• Waterways: Advantages of Water Transport, Limitations of Water Transport
• Pipeline Transport: Oil Pipelines
• 16
• Pipeline Transport: Gas Pipelines, Advantages of Pipeline Transport
• Major Ports: Introduction, Traffic on Indian Seaports
• 17
• Major Ports: Seaports of India, Problems of Coastal Shipping
• Developments in Communication and IT: Postal System
• 18
• Developments in Communication and IT: Telecommunications
• Indian Space Program: Historical Development, Landmarks of Indian Space Program
• 19
• Indian Space Program: Lunar Exploration (Chandrayaan-1) , Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) , Mangalyaan
• Indian Space Program: Launch Vehicle Program
• 20
• Indian Space Program: Observation and Communication Satellites

Internal and External Trade: Trend, Composition and Directions (15)

• 1
• Trade Balance: Introduction, Indian Scenario
• Trade Balance: Capital Inflows
• 2
• Trade Policy: Introduction, Foreign Trade Policy Before 1991, Foreign Trade Policy 1991 Changes
• Trade Policy: India՚s Foreign Trade Policy (2004 - 2009)
• 3
• Trade Policy: India՚s Foreign Trade Policy (2009 - 2014)
• Trade Policy: India՚s Export-Import (EXIM) Policy
• 4
• Trade Policy: Strategies to Achieve Objectives of Trade and EXIM Policies
• Special Economic Zones (sEZ) and Export Promotion Zones (EPZ) : Definition and Concept, Types of Zones
• 5
• Special Economic Zones (sEZ) and Export Promotion Zones (EPZ) : Obstacles in Success of SEZ, Benefits of SEZ
• Special Economic Zones (sEZ) and Export Promotion Zones (EPZ) : SEZs in India
• 6
• Special Economic Zones (sEZ) and Export Promotion Zones (EPZ) : Export Promotion Zones
• India՚s International Boundary & Foreign Policy: Disputes on Sharing of Water Resources
• 7
• Terrorism and Threats: Domestic Threats in India, Cross-Border Terrorism in India
• Terrorism and Threats: National Comprehensive Law on Terror
• 8
• Terrorism and Threats: Steps Required for Counter Terrorism, Agencies to Fight Terror in India

Globalisation and Its Impact on Indian Economy (18)

• 1
• Liberalization: Introduction, Aspects of Liberalization
• Liberalization: Need for Liberalization, Impact of Reforms
• 2
• Liberalization: India and China, Liberalization in Indian Private Sector, Problems of Liberalization
• Regional Consciousness and Inter State Issues: Regional Feeling or Growth of Regionalism
• 3
• Regional Consciousness and Inter State Issues: National Integration
• India՚s International Boundary & Foreign Policy: International Disputes (Excluding Water Sharing)
• 4
• India՚s International Boundary & Foreign Policy: Possible Solutions to the Kashmir Issue
• Geopolitics of South Asia and Indian Ocean Realm: Strategic Significance
• 5
• Geopolitics of South Asia and Indian Ocean Realm: Economic Significance
• India՚s Role in World Affairs: Strategic Partners
• 6
• Concept of Sustainable Growth and Development: Indian Philosophical Construct, Natural Resource Management for Sustainable Economic and Social Development
• Concept of Sustainable Growth and Development: Major Achievements, Major Initiatives
• 7
• Concept of Sustainable Growth and Development: Millennium Development Goals and India
• Globalization and Indian Economy: Introduction, Views on Globalization
• 8
• Globalization and Indian Economy: Advantages of Globalization, Disadvantages of Globalization
• Globalization and Indian Economy: Indian Economy
• 9
• Globalization and Indian Economy: Pros of Globalization in India, Cons of Globalization in India
• Globalization and Indian Economy: Urbanization and Globalization, Future Challenges in India

Natural Disasters in India (10)

• 1
• Geography of India and Himalayan Highland Hazards: Retreating Glaciers, Climate Change, Seismicity
• Geography of India and Himalayan Highland Hazards: Mining & Landslides, Forest Destruction, Flash Flood and Sedimentation, Remedies
• 2
• Contemporary Issues and Environmental Hazards: Classification of Hazards, Landslides
• Environmental Hazards: Landslide Hazard Mitigation Efforts
• 3
• Environmental Hazards: Cyclones and Storms, Earthquakes
• Environmental Hazards: Seismic Zones, Tsunamis
• 4
• Environmental Hazards: Floods and Droughts, Epidemics
• Environmental Hazards: Groundwater Contamination in India
• 5
• Environmental Hazards: Urban Solid Waste Management (sWM)
• Environmental Degradation: Environmental Issues in India, Causes of Environmental Degradation

Cartography (241)

Map (7)

• 1
• Cartography: Introduction and Maps
• Projections
• 2
• Projections: Map Projection Terms
• Projections: Map Projection Categorization Based on Projection Surface
• 3
• Projections: Categorization of Map Projections Based on Properties
• Projections: Important Map Projections Part - 1
• 4
• Projections: Important Map Projections Part - 2

Types of Maps (5)

• 1
• Maps: History of Maps, Characteristics of Maps
• Maps: General Purpose Maps
• 2
• Maps: Thematic or Special Purpose Maps
• Maps: Classification of Maps Based on Purpose
• 3
• Indian Topographical Maps

Pie Diagrams (3)

• 1
• Data Representation Using Diagrams: Graphical Representation, Climogram or Climograph
• Data Representation Using Diagrams: Hythergraph
• 2
• Data Representation Using Diagrams: Ergograph

Mapping of Location Specific Data (14)

• 1
• Relief Depiction: Sugar Loaves (Hill Profiles)
• Relief Depiction: Hachures
• 2
• Relief Depiction: Contours
• Relief Depiction: Hypsometric Tints
• 3
• Relief Depiction: Shaded Relief (Hill Shading)
• Relief Depiction: Relief Illumination, Spot Height, Bench Marks
• 4
• Relief Depiction: Trigonometric Stations, Control Method, Tanaka (Relief) Contours
• Relief Depiction: Slope Maps, Block (Perspective) Diagrams
• 5
• Relief Depiction: Physiographic Illustration
• Relief Depiction: Profiles
• 6
• Hypsometry and Clinometry: Hypsometric Curves
• Hypsometry and Clinometry: Clinographic Curves
• 7
• Hypsometry and Clinometry: Interpreting Hypsometric & Clinographic Curves
• Altimetric Analysis: General Structure of Altimetric Curves, Uses of Altimetric Analysis, Measures of Altimetric Analysis

Remote Sensing and Computer Application in Mapping (9)

• 1
• Appendix-III: Major Satellites and Details: Satellites Launched by India, LANDsAT Sensor Characteristics Details
• Appendix-III: Major Satellites and Details: IRs Program Details, Spectral Characteristics of LIsS I and LIsS II (IRs 1A & 1B)
• 2
• Appendix-III: Major Satellites and Details: Spectral Characteristics of LIsS I & LIsS II (IRs 1A & 1B) , IKONOs & QuickBird Details
• Appendix-III: Major Satellites and Details: SPOT Program Details, IRs Series Details
• 3
• Appendix-III: Major Satellites and Details: REsOURCEsAT-1 & 2 Details, Other Satellite Details
• Appendix-III: Major Satellites and Details: Major Satellites with Altitude & Swath Width, Other Important Satellites
• 4
• Appendix-III: Major Satellites and Details: Major Satellites of the World: Important Details
• Application of Remote Sensing in LIDAR
• 5
• Remote Sensing Applications in Agriculture

Digital Mapping (2)

• 1
• Outputs
• Orthophotos and Digital Orthophotography

Geographic Information System (21)

• 1
• Geographic Information Systems: Introduction
• Geographic Information Systems: Subsystems of GIs
• 2
• Geographical Data Representation: Geographic Data Types
• Geographical Data Representation: Geographic Data: Linkages and Matching
• 3
• Geographical Data Representation: GIs Data Types, Generalization
• Appendix-II: GIs Software: Software and Their Developers, Commercial GIs Software, Open Source GIs Software
• GIs Software Programs
• 4
• Introduction to Geographic Information System
• Types of Data Used in GIs
• 5
• Learn About Three Basic Elements
• Recent Trends in GIs
• 6
• Data Models in Geographic Information System
• Two Types of Data Models
• 7
• Comparison of Raster and Vector
• Data Storage & Compaction in Geographic Information System
• 8
• Mathematical Topology
• Query Classification
• 9
• Different Queries
• Creation of a Query Layer
• 10
• Update and Identity
• GIs Buffer and Proximity Analysis

Fundamentals of Cartography (1)

• 1
• Data Representation Using Diagrams: Cartogram or Area Cartogram

Scale and Types of Scale (3)

• 1
• Scales: Types of Scales
• Scales: Reduction and Enlargement
• 2
• Scales: Classification of Maps Based on Scale, Basic Conversions Useful in Cartography

Mapping Instruments (3)

• 1
• Surveying: Bearings and Azimuths
• Surveying: Comparison of Azimuths & Bearings
• 2
• Surveying: Types of Surveys

Sources of Geographic Information and Data: Spatial and Non-Spatial (7)

• 1
• Filtering
• Data Storage in Vector Data
• 2
• Spatial Analysis Overlay
• Vector Based Overlay
• 3
• Type of Spatial Analysis in Geographical World
• Open-source GIs
• 4
• the Open-source Definition

Techniques of Map Making (1)

• 1
• Slope Analysis: Historical Development of Slope Analysis, Complications in Slope Analysis, Slope Development

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) (2)

• 1
• Relief Depiction: Elevation Analysis
• Slope Analysis: Measurement of Slope (Grade) , Measurement of Slope (Angle)

Georeferencing: Coordinate System and Map Projections and Datum (10)

• 1
• Co-Ordinate Systems
• Rectangular Coordinates/Cartesian Co-Ordinates
• 2
• National and Indian Grid System
• Non-Coordinate Systems and Co-Ordinate Transformation
• 3
• Map Projection
• Method of Projection & Major Projections
• 4
• the Lambert Conformal Conic Projection & Polyconic Projection
• Map Designing
• 5
• Use of Color
• Text Characteristics

GIS Applications: Thematic Cartography, Spatial Decision Support System (35)

• 1
• Geographic Information Systems: GIs Data, GIs as End-to-End Tool
• Geographic Information Systems: GIs Data Layer or GIs Layer, Type of Information Provided by GIs Techniques
• 2
• Geographic Information Systems: Need of GIs, Characteristics of GIs
• Geographic Information Systems: Functions of GIs
• 3
• Geographic Information Systems: Factors Aiding Rise of GIs
• Related Disciplines and Technologies: Geography, Cartography, Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry
• 4
• Related Disciplines and Technologies: Surveying, Geodesy, Statistics, Operations Research, Computer Science and Technology, Mathematics, Civil Engineering
• Difference between GIs & Related Technologies
• 5
• GIs Applications
• GIs Applications: Advantages of GIs
• 6
• GIs Processes
• GIs Analysis: Steps for GIs Analysis
• 7
• GIs Analysis: Methods for GIs Analysis
• Steps to Prepare Thematic Maps Using Visual Interpretation
• 8
• Assessment of Crop Damage and Crop Progress
• Crop Yield Models
• 9
• Non-Point Source Pollution
• National Missions
• 10
• Application of Remote Sensing in Urban Studies
• Constraints to Urban Planning
• 11
• Remote Sensing Applications for Urban Planning
• Effective Traffic and Solid Waste Management
• 12
• Application of ₹ /GIs in Forestry
• Forestry Information Needs and Remote Sensing
• 13
• Specific Applications of Remote Sensing in Forest Studies
• Application of Remote Sensing in Watershed Management
• 14
• Queries in GIs
• Data Requirement
• 15
• Resource Allocation
• Comparison of Open-source Software with Proprietary Software
• 16
• Web Mapping & Web GIs
• What is Web GIs?
• 17
• Cloud Based GIs
• Why It is More Difficult to Move Towards Cloud Based GIs by GIs Organizations?
• 18
• Advantages & Disadvantages for Cloud GIs

Types of Aerial Photographs (17)

• 1
• Introduction to Aerial Photography: Importance of Aerial Photography, Difference between Maps and Aerial Photos, Basic Elements of Air Photo Interpretation
• Introduction to Aerial Photography: Elements of Visual Interpretation (like Aerial Photograph)
• 2
• Introduction to Aerial Photography: Advantages of Remote Sensing & Aerial Photography over Ground-Based Observation, Applications of Aerial Photography
• Aerial Photography Terminology
• 3
• Air Photo Scale: Height Determination from Air-Photos
• Types of Aerial Photographs: Oblique Photographs
• 4
• Types of Aerial Photographs: Vertical Photographs
• Types of Aerial Photographs: Orthophotos, Trimetrogon, Multiple Lens Photography
• 5
• Types of Aerial Photographs: Convergent Photography, Panoramic Photograph
• Types of Aerial Photographs: Mosaics, Combinations
• 6
• Types of Films: Advantages of Black and White Film
• Types of Films: Applications of Color Film Technologies
• 7
• Distortion and Displacement
• Aerial Photography
• 8
• Flight Direction
• Classification of Aerial Photograph
• 9
• Obtaining Aerial Photography

GPS Components (Space, Ground Control and Receiver Segments) and Applications (18)

• 1
• Global Positioning System: Concept of GPs, GPs Satellites
• Global Positioning System: GPs Trilateration, Structure of GPs System
• 2
• Global Positioning System: GPs Positioning Types, Factors Affecting GPs Accuracy
• Global Positioning System: Errors in GPs System, Levels of GPs Accuracy
• 3
• Global Positioning System: Reference Station, GPs Applications
• Digital Mapping and GPs: Data Collection, Applications of Digital Mapping
• 4
• Introduction and Overview of GPs
• GPs Satellite Generations
• 5
• GPs: the Basic Idea
• GPs Error and Biases
• 6
• Multipath Error
• Tropospheric Delay
• 7
• IRNsS
• Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNsS)
• 8
• GPs Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN)
• GAGAN Implementation
• 9
• GLONAsS
• Galileo

Sampling Procedure and Hypothesis Testing (1)

• 1
• Research Methods &Hypothesis in Resource Management: Introduction, Data, Techniques, Methodology and Research, Hypothesis

Morphometric Analysis (4)

• 1
• Morphometric Analysis: Ordering of Streams
• Morphometric Analysis: Morphometry, Bifurcation Ratio, Drainage Density, Stream Frequency
• 2
• Watershed Characteristics
• Slope of Watershed

Digital Image Processing, Remote Sensing and Big Data (22)

• 1
• Digital Image Processing
• Digital Image Processing: Image Preprocessing Part - 1
• 2
• Digital Image Processing: Image Enhancement
• Digital Image Processing: Image Classification
• 3
• Digital Image Processing: Accuracy Assessment
• Remote Sensing Applications
• 4
• Restoration in the Presence of Noise over Spatial Filtering
• Basics of Spatial Filtering
• 5
• Supervised Classification
• Appropriate Classification Algorithm
• 6
• Classification Accuracy Assessment
• Unsupervised Classification
• 7
• Two Major Methods of Unsupervised Classification Clustering
• Accuracy Assessment
• 8
• Types of Accuracy
• Data Requirements, Sampling Approach, and Sample Size
• 9
• Band Ratioing
• Selecting a Proper Band Combination for an RGB Image Using Landsat Imagery
• 10
• Spectral Indices
• Effects of Soil Background on Vegetation Index
• 11
• Hyperspectral Remote Sensing
• Hyperspectral Sensors