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We have a total of 1562 Study Material available on NTA-NET (Based on NTA-UGC) Geography (Paper-II). Browse the Study Material below by topics and subtopics. Numbers in brackets indicate the number of Study Material available on that topic-subtopic.

Geomorphology(167)

Fundamental Concepts (25)

1
Themes of Geographical Studies
Divisions of Geography
2
Latitude and Longitudes
Latitude and Longitudes: Heat Zones of Earth
3
Common Terms
Kepler’S Three Laws and Solstice and Equinox
4
Change of Seasons: Effect of Rotation
Geological Time Scale: Anthropocene
5
Major Subsystems of Earth: the “Spheres”: Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Cryosphere, Atmosphere, Biosphere
What is Geomorphology and Thornbury’S Concepts
6
Fundamentals of Geomagnetism: Introduction, Origin: Dynamo Theory
Fundamentals of Geomagnetism: Important Concepts
7
Fundamentals of Geomagnetism: Geomagnetic Models, IGRF and WMM Models, Paleomagnetism
Fundamentals of Geomagnetism: Geomagnetic Reversals, Magnetic Field Detection
8
Supercontinents
Ground Water: Introduction, Types of Water
9
Ground Water: Zones of Underground Water
Ground Water: Aquifers, Water Table
10
Ground Water: Movement of Groundwater
Ground Water: Factors Affecting Groundwater Flow
11
Ground Water: Factors Affecting Ground Water Presence
Aeolian Landforms: Types of Deserts
12
Aeolian Landforms: Methods of Wind Erosion, Wind Transportation
Aeolian Landforms: Erosional Landforms
13
Aeolian Landforms: Depositional Landforms

Factors Controlling Landform Development (2)

1
Rotation and Revolution
Factors Controlling Landform Development

Endogenetic and Exogenetic Forces (3)

1
Endogenetic and Exogenetic Forces: Definitions, Forces Affecting Earth’S Crust
Endogenetic and Exogenetic Forces: Folds
2
Endogenetic and Exogenetic Forces: Faults

Denudation Process (2)

1
Denudation Chronology and Erosion Surfaces: Denudation Chronology
Denudation Chronology and Erosion Surfaces: Erosion Surfaces

Geosynclines (6)

1
Geosynclines: Concept
Geosynclines: Cratons and Geosynclines
2
Geosynclines: Anatomy of an Orogenic Belt
Geosynclines: Mechanism of Formation of Mountains from Geosynclines, Important Geosynclines
3
Geosynclines: Evolution of Geosyncline
Geosynclines: Types of Geosyncline

Mountain Building (3)

1
Mountain Building: Classification of Mountains
Mountain Building: Theories of Mountain Building or Orogeny Part - 1
2
Mountain Building: Theories of Mountain Building or Orogeny Part - 2

Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics (9)

1
Continental Drift
Continental Drift: Basis of Evidence
2
Continental Drift: Premises and Mechanism of Continental Drift
Continental Drift: Process of the Theory
3
Continental Drift: Criticism of Wegener’S Theory, Wegener’S Theory Superseded by Plate Tectonics and Sea Floor Spreading
Plate Tectonics: Introduction, Historical Evolution of Concept
4
Plate Tectonics: Structural Elements of Plate Tectonics, Processes in Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics: Plate Boundaries
5
Plate Tectonics: Mountain Building Due to Plate Tectonics

Concept of Geomorphic Cycle (24)

1
Sea Floor Spreading (Harry Hess)
Sea Floor Spreading (Harry Hess): Process of Sea Floor Spreading
2
Sea Floor Spreading (Harry Hess): Evidences for Sea Floor Spreading, Rate of Sea Floor Spreading, Sea Floor Spreading with Continental Drift
Wilson’S Cycle and Supercontinents: Main Driving Force
3
Wilson’S Cycle and Supercontinents: Wilson Cycle
Wilson’S Cycle and Supercontinents: Supercontinent Cycle
4
Geomorphic Cycles: Major Developments, Major Terms
Geomorphic Cycles: Davis Cycle of Erosion
5
Geomorphic Cycles: Penck’S Cycle of Erosion
Geomorphic Cycles: King’S Cycle of Erosion (Cycle of Pediplanation)
6
Geomorphic Cycles: Gilbert’S Theory and Laws of Erosion
Geomorphic Cycles: John T. Hack’S Dynamic Equilibrium: Application of Gilbert’S Theory
7
Geomorphic Cycles: Frank Ahnert’S Model, Morisawa’S Theory
Geomorphic Cycles: Michael J. Kirkby’S Model
8
Geomorphic Cycles: S. a. Schumm’S Episodic Theory of Geomorphic Thresholds
Geomorphic Cycles: Strahler’S Quantitative Theory
9
Geomorphic Cycles: Renwick’S Theory: System’S Approach
Geomorphic Cycles: Malanson’S Chaos Theory
10
Peltier’S Morphogenetic Regions & Cycles
Peltier’S Morphogenetic Regions & Cycles: Step 1: Distribution of Weathering & Erosion Across Climates
11
Peltier’S Morphogenetic Regions & Cycles: Step 2: 9 Morphogenetic Regimes
Peltier’S Morphogenetic Regions & Cycles: Step 3: 7 Morphological or Geographic Cycles
12
Polygenetic Topography: Examples of Slopes in Missouri
Geomorphology: Major Terms

Fluvial Landforms (9)

1
Fluvial Landforms: Drainage Basins
Fluvial Landforms: Discordant Drainage Patterns
2
Fluvial Landforms: Accordant Drainage Patterns
Fluvial Landforms: Continental Divides
3
Fluvial Landforms: River Flow Characteristics
Fluvial Landforms: River Processes
4
Fluvial Landforms: Erosional Landforms
Fluvial Landforms: Depositional Landforms
5
Fluvial Landforms: Erosional-Depositional Landforms

Glacial Landforms (9)

1
Glacial Landforms: Snowline, Zones of Glacier
Glacial Landforms: Glacier Creation and Melting: Processes and Features
2
Glacial Landforms: Erosional Landforms
Glacial Landforms: Depositional Landforms
3
Periglacial Landscapes: Permafrost
Periglacial Landscapes: Ground Ice
4
Periglacial Landscapes: Periglacial Landforms
Peltier’S Periglacial Cycle: Important Terms Used in the Cycle, Stages of the Periglacial Cycle
5
Peltier’S Periglacial Cycle: Evidence for Periglacial Cycle

Coastal Landforms (5)

1
Coastal Landforms: Types of Coastlines
Coastal Landforms: Mechanism of Wave and Motion
2
Coastal Landforms: Sea Waves Processes
Coastal Landforms: Erosional Landforms
3
Coastal Landforms: Depositional Landforms

Karst Landforms (5)

1
Karst Landforms: Essential Conditions for Karst Topography
Karst Landforms: Factors Affecting Karst Landforms
2
Karst Landforms: Erosional Landforms
Karst Landforms: Depositional Landforms
3
Karst Landforms: 3 Classes of Cave Sculpturing Process, Theories of Speleogenesis

Slope Forms and Processes (6)

1
Slope Development: Elements of Hill Slope Profile (a. Wood)
Slope Development: 9-Unit Slope Model
2
Slope Development: Classification of Slope
Slope Development: Approaches to Slope Development
3
Slope Development: Models of Slope Evolution
Slope Development: Slope Failure

Environmental and Applied Geomorphology (1)

1
Applied Geomorphology

Rocks and Its Types (2)

1
Rocks and Their Types: Igneous Rocks
Rocks and Their Types: Sedimentary Rocks

Origin of Earth and Astronomy (39)

1
Solar System and Celestial Bodies
Milankovitch Cycles and Glaciation
2
Glacial and Interglacial Periods: Glacial Periods, Alpine Glacial, Gagel Periods, Causes of Glaciation, Consequences of Ice-Age
Mass Extinctions: Big -5 Mass Extinctions, Sixth Mass Extinction or Holocene Extinction
3
Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth
Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Lowthian Green Tetrahedron Theory
4
Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Gaseous Mass Theory
Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Nebular Hypothesis
5
Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Planetesimal Hypothesis
Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Nebular Versus Planetesimal Hypothesis, Tidal Hypothesis of Jeans and Jeffreys
6
Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Differences between Planetesimal and Tidal Hypothesis, Otto Schmidt’S Inter-Stellar Dust Cloud Hypothesis
Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Differences between Tidal and Dust Cloud Hypothesis, Nova Hypothesis of Hoyle and Lyttleton
7
Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Binary Star Hypothesis of Russell, Big Bang Theory
Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Steady State Theory, Electromagnetic Theory of Hannas Alfven
8
Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Dust Gas Cloud Theory of Weizsacker, Other Theories
Physical Conditions of Earth’S Interior
9
Physical Conditions of Earth’S Interior: General Layers of Earth, Mechanical Division
Physical Conditions of Earth’S Interior: Holmes Classification, Van De Gracht’S Classification, Daly’S Classification, Jeffreys’ Classification
10
Weathering: Characteristics of Weathering
Weathering: Functions of Weathering, Factors Affecting Weathering
11
Weathering: Forces in Weathering
Weathering: Types of Weathering Part - 1
12
Weathering: Types of Weathering Part - 2, Importance of Weathering
Erosion: Agents of Erosion
13
Erosion: Differences between Weathering and Erosion
Isostasy: History
14
Isostasy: Dutton’S Theory, Airy Hypothesis
Isostasy: Pratt Hypothesis, Anti-Root Hypothesis by R. a. Daly
15
Isostasy: Heiskanen’S Theory, Critics of Isostasy
Isostasy: Vening-Meinesz or Flexural Isostasy
16
Isostasy: Airy-Woollard Isostasy Model, Thermal or Pratt-Thermal Isostasy Model
Tsunamis: Physical Characteristics of Tsunami, Properties of Tsunami Waves
17
Tsunamis: Scales of Intensity and Magnitude, Causes of Tsunami
Tsunamis: Hazards of Tsunamis, Prediction and Early Warning
18
Channel Morphology: Introduction
Channel Morphology: Channel Geometry, Channel Fluid Dynamics
19
Channel Morphology: Hydraulic Geometry
Channel Morphology: Channel Bed Topography
20
Channel Morphology: Channel Types

Landform Occurrence and Causes of Geomorphic Hazards (17)

1
Vulcanicity: Causes of Volcanic Activities
Vulcanicity: Structure of Volcano, Volcanic Features
2
Vulcanicity: Constituents of Volcanic Eruptions
Vulcanicity: Classification of Volcanoes
3
Vulcanicity: Devastations Due to Volcanoes, Benefits from Volcanoes
Vulcanicity: Distribution of Volcanoes, Major Volcanoes
4
Earthquakes: Important Definitions
Earthquakes: Causes of Earthquake
5
Earthquakes: Types of Seismic Waves
Earthquakes: Distribution
6
Earthquakes: Measuring Strength of Earthquakes
Earthquakes: Intensity of Earthquake, Impact of Earthquakes, Remedial Measures
7
Mass Wasting (Landslides): Causes of Mass Wasting
Mass Wasting (Landslides): Types of Mass Wasting
8
Mass Wasting (Landslides): Flows
Mass Wasting (Landslides): Landslides
9
Mass Wasting (Landslides): Mass Wasting in Cold Climates

Climatology(83)

Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere (14)

1
Climatology and Composition of Atmosphere, Gaseous Concentration
Atmospheric Structure: Thermal Structure of Atmosphere
2
Atmospheric Structure: Magneto-Electronic Structure
Atmospheric Structure: Magnetosphere
3
Weather and Climate: Weather
Weather and Climate: Climate, Differences between Weather and Climate
4
Clouds and Their Types: Clouds
Clouds and Their Types: Types of Clouds
5
Clouds and Their Types: Meteorological Method for Describing Sky Conditions (Cloudiness)
Clouds and Their Types: Differentiating Dew, Fog, Frost, Haze, & Smog
6
Kelvin and Rossby Waves: Kelvin Waves
Climatology: Major Terms Part - 1
7
Climatology: Major Terms Part - 2
Climatology: Major Terms Part - 3

Heat Budget of the Earth (4)

1
Ultra-Violet Radiation
Energy Budget: Incoming Energy
2
Energy Budget: Outgoing Energy
Energy Budget: Surface Radiation, Heat Transfer in Ocean

Temperature, Pressure and Winds (18)

1
Temperature: Insolation
Temperature: Heat Transfer, Latent Heat
2
Temperature: Dry-Bulb & Wet-Bulb Temperature and Dew Point, Lapse Rate
Temperature: Lifted Condensation Level (LCL), Temperature Inversion
3
Temperature: Vertical Temperature by Altitude, Factors Affecting Horizontal Distribution of Temperature
Temperature: Scales of Temperature
4
Pressure: Measuring Atmospheric Pressure
Pressure: Vertical Distribution of Pressure
5
Pressure: Horizontal Distribution of Pressure
Pressure: Types of Highs and Lows, Meteorological Terms Describing Low Pressure
6
Lightning and Thunderstorm: Lightning, Downburst
Lightning and Thunderstorm: Thunderstorms
7
Atmospheric Circulation: Convergence and Divergence, Factors Affecting Wind Speed
Atmospheric Circulation: Wind Shifts, Latitudinal Circulation Models
8
Atmospheric Circulation: Longitudinal Circulation Features, Important High and Low Pressure Areas
Planetary Winds and Local Winds: Planetary or Permanent Winds
9
Planetary Winds and Local Winds: Local Winds
Planetary Winds and Local Winds: Eddies

Monsoons and Jet Streams (5)

1
Jet Streams: Formation of Jet Streams
Jet Streams: Important Jet Streams
2
Monsoons: Introduction, Mechanism of Monsoons
Monsoons: Monsoons in Various Continents, Effects of Monsoons
3
Zonal & Meridional Anomalies in Monsoon

Stability and Instability of the Atmosphere (4)

1
Atmospheric Stability and Instability: Stability in Saturated and Unsaturated Air, Atmospheric Stability
Atmospheric Stability and Instability: Atmospheric Instability
2
Atmospheric Stability and Instability: Types of Stability and Instability
Atmospheric Stability and Instability: Representing Air Stability (Tephigram)

Air-Masses (2)

1
Air Masses: Characteristics of Air Mass, Origin of Air Mass
Air Masses: Classification of Air Mass, Criticism of Air Mass Concept

Fronts, Temperate and Tropical Cyclones (13)

1
Fronts: Introduction, Locating Front on Map
Fronts: Characteristics of Fronts, Creation and Destruction of Fronts
2
Fronts: Classification of Fronts
Cyclones: Introduction
3
Cyclones: Tropical Cyclones
Cyclones: Temperate Cyclones
4
Cyclones: Classification of Cyclones Based on Size, Effects of Cyclones, Benefits of Cyclones
Cyclones: Management of Cyclones, Cyclone Warning Bulletins for Sea Conditions
5
Cyclones: Temperate Versus Tropical Cyclones
Anticyclones: Formation of Anticyclones
6
Anticyclones: Forces and Wind Movement in Anticyclones, Types of Anticyclones
Anticyclones: Difference between Cold and Warm Anticyclone, Effect of Anticyclones
7
Anticyclones: Differences between Anticyclone and Cyclone

Types and Distribution of Precipitation (5)

1
Humidity: Saturation
Humidity: Types of Humidity, Measurement and Control of Humidity
2
Precipitation: Forms of Precipitation
Precipitation: Mechanism of Precipitation
3
Precipitation: Geographical Distribution of Precipitation, Measurement of Rainfall

Classification of World Climates (5)

1
Climatic Classification: Climate Classification Systems, Koppen’S Classification
Climatic Classification: Thornthwaite’S Classification
2
Climatic Classification: Trewartha’S Classification, Bergeron Genetic Classification
Climatic Classification: Spatial Synoptic Classification System (SSC), Troll’S Classification, Hargreaves’ Classification
3
Climatic Classification: Climatic Regions of the World

Hydrological Cycle (1)

1
Hydrological Cycle: Processes in Hydrological Cycle

ENSO Events (El Nino, La Nina and Southern Oscillations) (2)

1
Walker Circulation
Walker Circulation: Other Important Phenomenon

Meteorological Hazards and Disasters (1)

1
Ultra-Violet Radiation: UV Index & Recommended Protections, Factors Affecting UV Radiation Reaching Earth

Climate Change: Evidences and Causes of Climatic Change in the Past (7)

1
Global Climatic Change: Causes of Climate Change
Global Climatic Change: Historical Climatic Changes
2
Global Climatic Change: Present Climatic Changes
Global Climatic Change: Methods to Detect & Determine Climatic Change
3
Urban Climate: Factors Affecting Urban Climate
Urban Climate: Urban Climatic Conditions
4
Urban Climate: Urban Climate Change in Phoenix, Arizona, Steps to Improve Urban Climate, Urban Microclimates

Human Impact on Global Climate (2)

1
Applied Climatology: Definitions, History of Applied Climatology
Applied Climatology: Factors Favoring Development of Applied Climatology, Applications of Climatology

Oceanography(57)

Origin of Ocean Basins (5)

1
Ocean Topography: Origin of Ocean Basins, Topography of the Ocean Basins
Ocean Topography: Oceanic Layers
2
Ocean Acidification: Mechanism
Oceanography: Major Terms Part - 1
3
Oceanography: Major Terms Part - 2

Bottom Relief of Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (7)

1
Major Oceans: Atlantic Ocean
Major Oceans: Pacific Ocean
2
Major Oceans: Indian Ocean
Water Masses: Surface or Near Surface Water Masses
3
Water Masses: Intermediate Water
Water Masses: Deep and Bottom Water Masses
4
Marine Resources: Biotic Resources

Ocean Deposits (4)

1
Ocean Deposits: Classification of Deposits Based on Source
Ocean Deposits: Classification Based on Sediments, Classification Based on Location of Deposits, Classification on Basis of Location by Murray, Classification by Jenkins
2
Marine Resources: Mineral Resources, Energy Resources
Coral Bleaching: Impact of Coral Bleaching, Coral Bleaching Events

Coral Reefs (5)

1
Coral Reefs: Types of Corals, Conditions of Growth
Coral Reefs: Types of Coral Reefs
2
Coral Reefs: Theories of Origin of Coral Reefs
Coral Bleaching: Causes of Coral Bleaching
3
Coral Bleaching: Clive Wilkinson’S Report on Coral Bleaching

Temperature and Salinity of the Oceans (9)

1
Temperature: Important Facts on Ocean Temperature, Temperature Depth Profile
Temperature: Sea Surface Temperature and Diurnal Variations, Heat Budget of Ocean
2
Temperature: Sea Surface Temperature and Diurnal Variations
Temperature: Heat Budget of Ocean
3
Salinity
Salinity: Factors Affecting Salinity
4
Salinity: Effects of Higher Salinity, Concept of Brine Rejection
Salinity: Halocline: Change in Salinity with Depth, Salinity Difference between River and Sea Water
5
Water Masses: Temperature-Salinity (T-S) Curves

Density of Sea Water (4)

1
Density: Variation in Density with Salinity and Temperature
Density: Pycnocline, Freezing of Ice
2
Thermohaline Circulation (THC): from Density Differences to Circulation
Thermohaline Circulation (THC): Movement in THC, Impact of THC on Climate

Tides and Ocean Currents (11)

1
Waves: Characteristics of Waves
Waves: Breaking Waves
2
Currents: Coriolis Effect, Characteristics of Ocean Current
Currents: Causes of Ocean Currents, Effects of Ocean Currents
3
Currents: Types of Current
Currents: Major Ocean Currents
4
Tides: Factors Affecting Tides
Tides: Direct and Opposing Tides (Due to Centrifugal Force), Mediums of Tides
5
Tides: Stages of Oceanic Tide, Classification of Tides
Mechanism of Water Circulation: Gyres and Geostrophic Flow
6
Mechanism of Water Circulation: Sverdrup’S Views, Stommel’S Views, Munk’S Views

Sea-Level Changes (6)

1
Sea-Level Changes: Measures of Sea Level, Causes of Sea Level Change
Sea-Level Changes: Global Sea Level Rise
2
Law of the Sea: UNCLOS I, UNCLOS II
Law of the Sea: UNCLOS III
3
Marine Pollution: Introduction, Harmful Effects of Marine Pollution, Sources and Effects of Marine Pollution
Marine Pollution: Specific Examples (Causes and Effects)

Hazards: Tsunami and Cyclone (6)

1
Waves: Factors Influencing Wind Waves Formation
Waves: Movement in Waves
2
Waves: Transition of Waves in Shallow Waters
Waves: Beaufort Wind Force Scale, Waves on Earth
3
Waves: Tsunamis, Seiche
Mechanism of Water Circulation: Ekman Spiral, Ekman Transport

Bio-Geography(113)

Distribution of Plants and Animals (17)

1
Global Distribution of Plants and Animals: Biogeographical Regionalization
Global Distribution of Plants and Animals: Factors Affecting Global Distribution of Plants and Animals
2
Global Distribution of Plants and Animals: Distribution of Plants and Animals
Distribution of Terrestrial Plants (Floristic Kingdoms)
3
Distribution of Terrestrial Plants (Floristic Kingdoms): Classification by Ronald Good
Distribution of Terrestrial Plants (Floristic Kingdoms): Engler Classification, Newbigin Classification
4
Distribution of Terrestrial Plants (Floristic Kingdoms): Takhtajan Classification
Distribution of Terrestrial Plants (Floristic Kingdoms): Udvardy’S Classification, Classification of Plants Based on Environmental Conditions
5
Distribution of Terrestrial and Avian Animals (Faunal Realms): Merriam’S Classification, Sclater’S Classification
Distribution of Terrestrial and Avian Animals (Faunal Realms): Wallace Distribution
6
Distribution of Terrestrial and Avian Animals (Faunal Realms): Karl P. Schmidt Distribution, Cox Classification
Distribution of Terrestrial and Avian Animals (Faunal Realms): Kuschel’S Classification, Smith’ Classification, Proches Classification, Kreft and Jetz Classification
7
Distribution of Terrestrial and Avian Animals (Faunal Realms): Proches and Ramdhani Classification, Classification of Animals Based on Environmental Conditions
Distribution of Aquatic Plants and Animals: Sven Ekman’S Classification, Forbes Classification
8
Distribution of Aquatic Plants and Animals: Schmarda’S Classification
Other Biogeographic Classifications: Major Genecenters (Vavilov Centers of Diversity)
9
Other Biogeographic Classifications: MacArthur and Wilson’S Method, Rapoport’S Classification, Pielou’S Classification, Muller’S Classification, Morrone’S Classification

Forms and Functions of Ecosystem (20)

1
Principles of Ecology: Ecology
Principles of Ecology: Ecological Hierarchy
2
Principles of Ecology: Ecosystem
Principles of Ecology: Classification of Ecosystem
3
Principles of Ecology: Food Chain and Food Web
Principles of Ecology: Energy Flow and Pyramids
4
Principles of Ecology: Productivity
Principles of Ecology: Nutrient Cycles or Biogeochemical Cycles
5
Principles of Ecology: Biomagnification
Principles of Ecology: Ecological Succession
6
Appendices and Appendix I: Glossary of Major Geographic Terms (a to B)
Appendices and Appendix I: Glossary of Major Geographic Terms (C)
7
Appendices and Appendix I: Glossary of Major Geographic Terms (D & E)
Appendices and Appendix I: Glossary of Major Geographic Terms (F & G)
8
Appendices and Appendix I: Glossary of Major Geographic Terms (H to K)
Appendices and Appendix I: Glossary of Major Geographic Terms (L to N)
9
Appendices and Appendix I: Glossary of Major Geographic Terms (O to R)
Appendices and Appendix I: Glossary of Major Geographic Terms (S to U)
10
Appendices and Appendix I: Glossary of Major Geographic Terms (V to Z)
Appendix II: Units and Measurements: Basic Terms

Bio-Diversity and Its Depletion (10)

1
Deforestation: Causes of Deforestation, Problems of Deforestation
Deforestation: Conservation of Forests
2
Deforestation: Notable Efforts
Biogeography: Major Terms Part - 1
3
Biogeography: Major Terms Part - 2
Human Ecological Changes: Acclimatization, Effect of Limiting Factors on Organisms: Liebig’S, Shelford’S and Blackman’S Laws
4
Human Ecological Changes: Classification of Human Changes
Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Reduction in Biodiversity (Levels, Importance & Threat)
5
Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Reduction in Biodiversity (IUCN & Indian Scenario)
Environmental Geography: Major Terms

Conservation and Management of Ecosystems (24)

1
Social Forestry: Elements of Social Forestry
Social Forestry: Objectives and Benefits of Social Forestry
2
Social Forestry: Species Used for Social Forestry
Social Forestry: Types of Social Forestry
3
Social Forestry: Constraints of Social Forestry
Agro-Forestry: Choice of Trees in Agro-Forestry
4
Agro-Forestry: Characteristics of Agro-Forestry, Aim of Agro-Forestry
Agro-Forestry: Types of Agro-Forestry, Benefits of Agro-Forestry
5
Agro-Forestry: Limitations of Agro-Forestry
Agro-Forestry Versus Social Forestry:
6
Human Ecological Changes: Adaptation, Heritable Traits (Vs. Inherited Traits)
Influence of Man on Ecology and Environment and Environmental Ethics: Objectives of Environmental Ethics
7
Environmental Ethics: Approaches to Environmental Ethics
Deep Ecology
8
Deep Ecology: Objectives of Deep Ecology, Four Pillars of Deep Ecology, Criticism of Deep Ecology
Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Conserving Biodiversity
9
Environmental Management: Environmental Education
Environmental Management: Environmental Policy and Legislation (National Efforts, Convention and Agreements)
10
Environmental Management: Environmental Policy and Legislation (BioFin, Nairobi Declaration)
Environmental Management: Earth Summit, Environmental Management
11
Environmental Management: Environmental Management Theories
Environmental Management: International Council for Science (ICSU)
12
Environmental Management: DIVERSITAS, International Geosphere-Biosphere Program
Environmental Management: International Human Dimensions Program, World Climate Research Program

Environmental Hazards and Problems of Pollution (20)

1
Deforestation: Extent of Deforestation
Diseases Ecology: Ways for Disease Prevention and Control
2
Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Climate Change
Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Marrakesh Action Proclamation for Our Climate and Sustainable Development
3
Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Global Ecological Imbalances
Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Greenhouse Effect
4
Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Global Warming
Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Glacial Lake Outbursts Floods (GLOF) & Jokulhlaup
5
Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Millennium Development Goals (MDG’S)
Human Actions Detrimental to Environment: Summary of Anthropogenic Problems
6
Human Actions Detrimental to Environment: Classification of Human Actions
Pollution: Introduction to Pollution, Pollutants
7
Pollution: Cause of Pollution
Pollution: Soil and Land Pollution
8
Pollution: Water Pollution
Pollution: Air Pollution
9
Pollution: Radioactive Pollution
Pollution: Pollution Control
10
Environmental Degradation: Global Consumption Patterns, Sources and Causes of Degradation
Environmental Management: Environmental Conservation, Environmental Restoration

Ozone Depletion (1)

1
Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Ozone Depletion

Soil Structure and Formation (19)

1
Soil
Soil Profile: Master Horizons
2
Soil Profile: Horizon Numbering and Suffixes, Main Soil Layers
Soil Characteristics: Soil-Structure
3
Soil Characteristics: Texture and Size
Soil Characteristics: Available Moisture and Porosity
4
Soil Characteristics: Color (Munsell System)
Soil Characteristics: Permeability
5
Soil Characteristics: Soil Depth
Soil Characteristics: Acidity
6
Soil Characteristics: Drainage
Soil Characteristics: Mineral Content
7
Soil Characteristics: Organic Content, Soil Microorganism
Genesis of Soils: Factors Affecting Soil Formation
8
Genesis of Soils: Soil Forming Process
Classification and Distribution of Soils: Zonal Classification
9
Classification and Distribution of Soils: USA Soil Taxonomy: USDA Scheme
Soil Erosion and Conservation: Soil Erosion, Effects of Soil Erosion
10
Soil Erosion and Conservation: Method of Soil Conservation

National Programmes and Policies: Legal Framework, Environmental Policy, International Treaties (1)

1
Environment and Human Health: Five Disciplines of Environmental Health, Efforts

International Programmes and Polices (1)

1
Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: 2030 Development Agenda

History of Geographic Thought(67)

Ancient Geographical Knowledge (4)

1
Ancient Geography: Greek Contribution
Ancient Geography: Roman Contribution
2
Ancient Geography: Dark Ages in Europe
Ancient Geography: Indian Contribution

Medieval Geographical Knowledge (1)

1
Ancient Geography: Arab Contribution

German Contrinution (2)

1
Medieval Geography: German Geographers (Varenius, Kant)
Modern Geography: German School

French Contribution (1)

1
Modern Geography: French School

British Contribution (1)

1
Modern Geography: British School

American Contribution (1)

1
Modern Geography: American School

Developments During the 20th Century (13)

1
Time Geography (HäGerstrand Theory): Basic Idea, Life Paths and Path Bundles
Time Geography (HäGerstrand Theory): Assumptions of HäGerstrand’S Theory, Constraints in HäGerstrand’S Theory
2
Evolution of Geography
Modern Geography: Soviet School
3
Modern Geography: Post World War II Period
Human Geography: Major Terms
4
Scholars: Nationality, Views and Concepts
Major Geographers and Their Contributions (a & B)
5
Major Geographers and Their Contributions (C to G)
Major Geographers and Their Contributions (H to K)
6
Major Geographers and Their Contributions (L to P)
Major Geographers and Their Contributions (R to T)
7
Major Geographers and Their Contributions (U to Z)

Changing Paradigms (3)

1
Welfare Approach: Concept of Welfare Approach
Welfare Approach: Different Welfare Approaches
2
Welfare Approach: Evolution and Chronological Development of Welfare Approach

Man and Environment (5)

1
Environmentalism: Introduction and Concept
Environmentalism: Environmentalism Approaches
2
Environmentalism: Gaianism
Environmentalism: Environmentalism Efforts Worldwide
3
Environmentalism: Environmentalism in India, Criticism of Environmentalism

Determinism and Possibilism (2)

1
Determinism and Possibilism: Determinism
Determinism and Possibilism: Possibilism

Areal Differentiation and Spatial Organisation (3)

1
Areal Differentiation: Introduction
Areal Differentiation: Criticism of Areal Differentiation, Developments After 1970’S
2
Areal Differentiation: Developments After 1980’S

Quantitative Revolution (2)

1
Quantitative Revolution and Locational Analysis: Quantitative Analysis
Quantitative Revolution and Locational Analysis: Locational Analysis

Positivism (1)

1
Perspectives in Geography: Structuralism, Positivism

Humanism (4)

1
Humanistic Approach
Humanistic Approach: History of Humanistic Approach, Aim of Humanistic Approach
2
Humanistic Approach: Various Humanistic Approaches
Humanistic Approach: Contributions of Humanistic Geography, Criticism of Humanistic Approaches

Radicalism (2)

1
Radical Approach (Based on Marxism): Differences between Marxism and Positivism
Radical Approach (Based on Marxism): Historical Development of Radical Approach, Present State

Behaviouralism (3)

1
Behavioral Approach: Introduction
Behavioral Approach: Assumptions of Behavioral Approach, Elements of Behavioral Approach
2
Behavioral Approach: Behavioral Geography: Landmark Developments, Criticism of Behavioral Approach

Contemporary Trends in Indian Geography: Cartography, Thematic and Methodological Contributions (1)

1
Perspectives in Geography: Postmodernism, Feminist Geography

Geographic Traditions: Earth Science, Man-Environment Relationship, Area Studies & Spatial Analysis (3)

1
Themes in Geography: Place, Connection
Themes in Geography: Space
2
Traditions in Geography: Spatial Tradition, Area-Studies Tradition, Man-Land Tradition, Earth-Science Tradition

Geography Dualism: Physical-Human, Regional-Systematic, Qualitative-Quantitative, Ideographic- Nomothetic (10)

1
Regional Synthesis: Concept
Regional Synthesis: Representing Geographical Facts
2
Regional Synthesis: Regionalization
Regional Synthesis: Attributes of a Region
3
Regional Synthesis: Development of Regional Concept
Dichotomy and Dualism
4
Dichotomy and Dualism: General Vs. Regional Geography
Dichotomy and Dualism: Physical Vs. Human Geography
5
Dichotomy and Dualism: Deterministic Vs. Possibilistic Geography
Dichotomy and Dualism: Historical Vs. Contemporary Geography, Study of Formal Sites Vs. Study of Functional Sites

Perspectives in Geography (5)

1
Approaches in Geography
Systems Analysis in Human Geography: Concept of System
2
Systems Analysis in Human Geography: Contributors to System Theory and Analysis
Systems Analysis in Human Geography: Application of System Analysis, Main Issues in System Analysis
3
Systems Analysis in Human Geography: Common Problems Solved Using System Analysis, States of a System

Population Geography(31)

Nature, Scope, Subject Matter and Recent Trends (2)

1
Demographic Attributes: Life Expectancy
Demographic Attributes: Literacy

World Distribution, Growth and Density of Population (8)

1
Sources of Population Data: Sources
Population Geography: Introduction
2
Growth of Population
Growth of Population: Important Trends in Population Growth
3
Growth of Population: Components of Population Growth or Change
Distribution of Population: Some Facts
4
Distribution of Population: Factors Affecting Population Distribution
Demographic Attributes: Population Density

Demographic Transition (1)

1
Population Theories: Demographic Transition Model

Population-Resource Regions (1)

1
Population-Resource Regions: Ackerman’S Classification, Classification Based on Prospects

Theories of Population Growth (6)

1
Michael Thomas Sadler’S Destiny Theory: Criticism
Ricardo Theory of Distribution & Growth: Assumptions
2
Ricardo Theory of Distribution & Growth: Short-Run Implications, Long-Run Implications
Population Theories: Malthusian Model
3
Population Theories: Marxian Model
Population Theories: Epidemiologic Transition Model, Other Theories on Population

Migration: Types, Causes and Consequences and Models (4)

1
Migration: Types of Migration
Migration: Causes of Migration
2
Migration: Consequences of Migration
Migration: Theories of Migration

Population Composition and Characteristics: Age, Sex, Rural-Urban, Occupational Structure and Educational Levels (4)

1
Demographic Attributes: Age-Sex Pyramid
Demographic Attributes: Sex Composition
2
Optimum Population: Definition, Characteristics of Optimum Population
Optimum Population: Marginal Product of Labor

Population Policies in Developed and Developing Countries (5)

1
World Population Problems and Policies
World Population Problems and Policies: over-Population
2
World Population Problems and Policies: under-Population
Population as Social Capital: Basic Concept, Comparison between Social Capital and Other Capitals, Social Capital and Human Capital (Population)
3
Population as Social Capital: Effect of Social Capital on Human Capital, Social Capital in Geography

Settlement Geography(51)

Site, Situation, Types, Size, Spacing and Internal Morphology (6)

1
Differences between Rural and Urban Settlements
Urban Morphology and City Classification: City “in” Area and City “as” Area
2
Urban Morphology and City Classification: Elements of Urban Area: Urban Ecology, Classifications Based on Age or Morphology
Urban Morphology and City Classification: Classification Based on Growth of Civilization
3
Urban Morphology and City Classification: Classification Based on Size
Urban Morphology and City Classification: Classification Based on Functions, Classification Based on Hierarchy, Classification Based on Location or Site, Genetic Classification

Ecological Processes of Urban Growth (1)

1
Urban Settlements

Urban Fringe (6)

1
Sphere of Urban Influence: City Region Relation (Influence of City)
Sphere of Urban Influence: Delimitation Methods
2
Rural-Urban Fringe
Rural-Urban Fringe: Characteristics of Rural-Urban Fringe
3
Rural-Urban Fringe: Problems of Rural-Urban Fringe
Rural-Urban Fringe: Models of Rural-Urban Fringe

City Region (2)

1
Satellite Towns: Difference between Satellite Towns and Suburbs, Characteristics of Satellite Towns
Satellite Towns: Common Examples in India, Problems of Satellite Towns

Settlement Systems (4)

1
Industrial, Population and Settlement Geography: Major Terms (a to E)
Industrial, Population and Settlement Geography: Major Terms (F to M)
2
Industrial, Population and Settlement Geography: Major Terms (N to S)
Industrial, Population and Settlement Geography: Major Terms (T to V)

Settlement Hierarchy (8)

1
Settlement Geography: Introduction, Important Definitions, Theories of Location of Settlement
Hierarchy of Settlements: Hierarchy Based on Size or Services
2
Hierarchy of Settlements: Hierarchy Based on Administrative Regions
Functional Classification of Towns: Aurousseau’S Classification
3
Functional Classification of Towns: Alexanderson’S Classification, Webb’S Classification
Functional Classification of Towns: Moser and Scott Classification, Nelson’S Classification
4
Functional Classification of Towns: Robert L. Forstall’S Classification, Maxwell’S Classification
Functional Classification of Towns: Other Important Classifications, Commonly Used Functional Classification

Christaller's Central Place Theory (4)

1
Central Place Theories: Christaller’S Theory
Central Place Theories: Christaller’S Vs. Losch’S Model, Gunnar Olsson’S Modification
2
Central Place Theories: Isard’S Modification
Central Place Theories: Mercantile Model

August Losch's Theory of Market Centres (1)

1
Central Place Theories: Losch Theory

Rural Settlements: Types, Patterns and Distribution (5)

1
Rural Settlements: Morphology of Rural Settlement
Rural Settlements: Types and Patterns of Rural Settlement
2
Rural Settlements: Shape Analysis
Rural Settlements: Factors Affecting Growth and Types of Rural Settlements
3
Rural Settlements: Evolution and Growth of Rural Settlements, Problems with Rural Settlements

Characteristics and Processes of Urbanization in Developed and Developing Countries (3)

1
Urbanization: Cause of Urbanization
Urbanization: Problems or Urbanization
2
Urbanization: Solutions to Problems of Urbanization

Models of Urban Land Use (4)

1
Urban Forms: Spatial Interaction Model by Edward Ullman, M. E Hurst Spatial Interaction Model
Urban Land Use Models: Burgess Model
2
Urban Land Use Models: Sector Theory (Hoyt Model)
Urban Land Use Models: Multiple Nuclei Theory

Concepts of Megacities, Global Cities and Edge Cities (4)

1
Global Cities and Edge Cities: Megacity, Global City
Global Cities and Edge Cities: Theory of Origin of Towns by Gordon Childe
2
Global Cities and Edge Cities: Theory of Origin of Towns by Henri Pirenne
Global Cities and Edge Cities: Theory of Origin of Towns by Lewis Mumford

Social Segregation in the City (2)

1
Urban Forms: Changing Urban Forms, Social Segregation in City
Urban Forms: Manifestations of Poverty in City, Growth of the Informal Sector

Urban Social Area Analysis (1)

1
Urban Forms: Urban Social Area Analysis Model

Economic Geography(19)

Classification of Economies (3)

1
World Economic Development: Development Vs. Growth, Measures of Economic Development
World Economic Development: Factors Hindering Economic Development
2
World Economic Development: Patterns of Economic Development

Natural Resources (6)

1
World Resources: Resources
World Resources: Types of Resources
2
World Resources: Some Important Resources (Mineral Resources)
World Resources: Some Important Resources (Energy Resources)
3
Utilization of Resources: Problems of Utilization of Resources
Utilization of Resources: Ways for Proper Utilization of Resources

World Energy Crises in Developed and Developing Countries (10)

1
Global Economic Blocs: SAARC, OPEC
Energy Crisis: Exploitation of Resources
2
Energy Crisis: Famous Energy Crises
Energy Crisis: Causes of Energy Crisis
3
Energy Crisis: Major Challenges in Energy Future
Energy Crisis: Solution and Prospects
4
World Models
World Models: Limits to Growth
5
World Models: Forrester Meadows World2 Model
World Models: World Integrated Model (Derived from Mesarovic-Pestel)

Agricultural Geography(41)

Concept and Techniques of Delimitation of Agricultural Regions (7)

1
Typology of Agricultural Regions: Major Agricultural Systems and Typologies of World (Subsistence Agriculture, Intensive and Extensive Farming, Nomadic Herding)
Typology of Agricultural Regions: Major Agricultural Systems and Typologies of World (Shifting Cultivation, Rudimentary Sedentary Tillage, Intensive Subsistence Tillage)
2
Typology of Agricultural Regions: Major Agricultural Systems and Typologies of World (Subsistence Crop and Livestock Farming, Mediterranean Agriculture, Livestock Ranching)
Typology of Agricultural Regions: Major Agricultural Systems and Typologies of World (Extensive Commercial Grain Farming, Commercial Livestock and Crop Farming (Mixed Farming), Commercial Dairy-Farming)
3
Typology of Agricultural Regions: Major Agricultural Systems and Typologies of World (Factory Farming, Horticulture)
Typology of Agricultural Regions: Major Agricultural Systems and Typologies of World (Sericulture, Organic Farming, Collective Farming, Commercial Plantation Farming)
4
Typology of Agricultural Regions: Agricultural Types

Measurement of Agricultural Productivity and Efficiency (10)

1
Agricultural Inputs and Productivity: Agricultural Inputs
Agricultural Inputs and Productivity: Agricultural Productivity
2
Food Security: Global Scenario, Ways to Improve Food Security
Food Security: Threat to Food Security
3
Alonso Extension (in Urban Context): Assumptions, the Bid-Rent Curve
Alonso Extension (in Urban Context): Consideration of Customers, Individual Bid-Rent Curves
4
Alonso Extension (in Urban Context): Optimum Location, Stages of Alonso’S Theory, Applications
Famine: Cause of Famines
5
Famine: Remedies, Effects of Famines
Famine: Noteworthy Famines

Crop Combinations and Diversification (12)

1
Food and Nutrition Problems: Major Nutritional Problems
Food and Nutrition Problems: Defining Nutritional Problems
2
Food and Nutrition Problems: Causes of Food Problems
Food and Nutrition Problems: Future Efforts
3
Food Security: Pillars of Food Security
Food Security: Issues Related to Food Security
4
Areal Crop Combination Classification: Basic Concept
Areal Crop Combination Classification: Weaver’S Concept, Doi’S Concept, Rafiullah’S Concept
5
Crop Diversification: Introduction
Crop Diversification: Factors Promoting Diversification
6
Crop Diversification: Need and Importance for Crop Diversification
Crop Diversification: Strategies for Crop Diversification, Major Constraints in Crop Diversification, Future Thrust Areas

Von Thunen's Model (5)

1
Von Thunen’S Model of Agricultural Location: Aim of the Model, Model Variables
Von Thunen’S Model of Agricultural Location: Cultivation and Crop Model, Concentric Circles
2
Von Thunen’S Model of Agricultural Location: Criticism of Model, Application of the Model
Olof Jonasson’S Theory
3
Robert Sinclair’S Theory: Assumptions of the Model

Agricultural Systems of the World (7)

1
Vegetation Patterns of the World
World Agriculture Systems: Approaches to Study Agricultural Geography
2
World Agriculture Systems: Various Schemes of Classification
World Agriculture Systems: Whittlesey Classification
3
World Agriculture Systems: Crop Distribution
Economic & Agricultural Geography: Major Terms (a to H)
4
Economic & Agricultural Geography: Major Terms (I to W)

Industrial Geography(27)

Classification of Industries (2)

1
Classification of Industries: Based on Types of Raw Materials, Based on Role
Classification of Industries: Based on Capital Investment, Based on Ownership, Based on Bulk of Raw Material and Finished Goods, Resource and Footloose Industries

Weber's and Losch's Approaches (6)

1
Weber’S Model of Industrial Location
Weber’S Model of Industrial Location: Commonly Used Terms
2
Weber’S Model of Industrial Location: Assumptions of Weber’S Model
Weber’S Model of Industrial Location: Principles and Details of Weber’S Model
3
Weber’S Model of Industrial Location: Criticism and Infirmities in Weber’S Model, Advantages of Weber’S Model
Losch’S Model of Industrial Approach: Basis of Losch’S Model, Concept of Losch’S Model, Limitations of Losch’S Model

Theories of Industrial Location (4)

1
Theories of Industrial Location: Approaches of Location Theories
Theories of Industrial Location: Natural Laws Deciding Industrial Locations (Determinism)
2
Other Major Industrial Theories: Rawstron’S Theory of Industrial Location or Locational Cost Analysis Theory, Smith’S Theory of Industrial Location or Area-Cost Curve Theory
Other Major Industrial Theories: Edger Hoover’S Location Theory

Factors of Industrial Location (11)

1
Locational Patterns: Physical Factors, Human and Economic Factors, Governmental Factors
Problems in Industrial Location
2
Hotelling’S Model: Assumptions of Hotelling’S Model
Hotelling’S Model: Explanation of Hotelling’S Model, Findings of Hotelling’S Model
3
Other Major Industrial Theories: Fetter’S Law of Industrial Location
Other Major Industrial Theories: Renner’S Theory of Industrial Location
4
Other Major Industrial Theories: Tord Palander’S Theory
Other Major Industrial Theories: Principle of Substitution (Predohl)
5
Other Major Industrial Theories: Greenhut’S Location Theory
Other Major Industrial Theories: Isard’S Theory of Industrial Location
6
Other Major Industrial Theories: Adam Smith’S Early Ideas on Industrial Location, Case Studies in Locational Theories

World Industrial Regions (1)

1
Industrial Development Phases: Indian Scenario

Distribution and Growth of ICT and Knowledge (Education and R & D) Industries (3)

1
Knowledge Production Industries - Education, R&D Industries: Education, Communication, Health and Medical Products
World Distribution and Growth of ICT: Applications of ICT
2
World Distribution and Growth of ICT: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning

Geography of Transport and Trade(21)

Models of Transportation and Transport Cost (2)

1
Models of Transportation: Transport Corridors and Regional Spatial Structure
Models of Transportation: Modeling of Human Behavior in Spatial Interactions, Spatial Interaction Models

Accessibility and Connectivity (10)

1
Transportation Geography: Impact of Transportation
Transportation Geography: Elements of Transportation
2
Transportation Geography: Geographical Considerations in Transportation
Graph Theory: Elements of Graph Theory
3
Graph Theory: Connections in Graph
Graph Theory: Structural Properties
4
Network Analysis: Non-Ratio Measures
Network Analysis: Ratio Measures
5
Accessibility and Connectivity: Accessibility, Accessibility Planning
Accessibility and Connectivity: Measures of Accessibility

Comparative Cost Advantages (2)

1
Comparative Cost Advantages: Ricardo’S Model
Comparative Cost Advantages: Production Possibility Frontier (PPF), Opportunity Cost

World Trade Organisation (1)

1
World Trade Organization (WTO): Functions, Structure

Globalisation and Liberalisation and World Trade Patterns (4)

1
Trade: Types of Trade, Types of Trade Based on Regions
Patterns of World Trade: Current Global Trade Patterns
2
Patterns of World Trade: Changing Trade Patterns of Developed and Developing Countries
Patterns of World Trade: Trade Blocs, Regulation of International Trade, Challenges in World Trade

Problems and Prospects of Inter and Intra Regional Cooperation and Trade (2)

1
Global Economic Blocs: ASEAN, EU, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation or APEC, MERCOSUR
Global Economic Blocs: NAFTA, Pacific Alliance

Political Geography(43)

Definition and Scope of Political Geography (6)

1
Introduction to Political Geography: Structure of Political Geography, Evolution
Introduction to Political Geography: Nature and Scope of Political Geography
2
Introduction to Political Geography: Stages in Political Development, Organization of State
Political, Cultural and Social Geography: Major Terms (a to B)
3
Political, Cultural and Social Geography: Major Terms (D to Q)
Political, Cultural and Social Geography: Major Terms (R to V)

Geopolitics (3)

1
Geopolitics: Geostrategy, Geopolitics and Political Geography
Geopolitics: Global Geopolitics
2
Theories in Political Geography: Geopolitik (Hausofer), Lebensraum (Ratzel), Airpower Supremacy Theory

Heartland and Rimland Theories (5)

1
Theories in Political Geography: Heartland Theory
Theories in Political Geography: Rimland Theory
2
Theories in Political Geography: Shatterbelt Theory, Sea Power Theory
Theories in Political Geography: Containment Theory, Functional Approach
3
Theories in Political Geography: Unified Field Theory, Kjellen’S Views

Concept of Nation, State and Nation-State (3)

1
Nation, State and Nation-State: Nation
Nation, State and Nation-State: State
2
Nation, State and Nation-State: Nation-State, Stateless Nation

Boundaries and Frontiers (3)

1
Boundaries and Frontiers: Frontiers
Boundaries and Frontiers: Boundaries
2
Boundaries and Frontiers: Differences between Boundaries and Frontiers

Politics of World Resources (2)

1
Politics of World Resources: Spatial Conflicts
Politics of World Resources: North-South Divide

Geography and Federalism (2)

1
Geography and Federalism: Definitions on Federation, Geographical Factors Motivating Creation of Federal State
Geography and Federalism: Other Factors Motivating Creation of Federal State, Characteristics of Federation

Trends and Developments in Political Geography (2)

1
Geography of Public Finance: Indian Context
Geography of Public Policy: Definition, Aspects of Geographical Study of Public Policy

Electoral Reforms in India (5)

1
Electoral Reforms in India: Election Reform Committees
Electoral Reforms in India: Major Reforms in Elections, Simultaneous Elections, State Funding in Elections
2
Electoral Reforms in India: State Funding in Elections, Role of EVMs, Citizenship
Electoral Reforms in India: Other Suggestions
3
Electoral Reforms in India: Challenges to Electoral Reforms, Electoral Systems

Determinants of Electoral Behaviour (4)

1
Determinants of Voting Behavior: Major Determinants of Voting Behavior, Changes in Determinants of Voting Behavior
Electoral Geography: Basic Terms
2
Electoral Geography: Distortions in Electoral Geography
Electoral Geography: Proportional Representation

Geopolitics of Climate Change (6)

1
Geopolitics of Climate Change: What is Geopolitics? , Most Accepted Definition of Climate Change, Climate Change and Geopolitics
Geopolitics of Climate Change: from Climatic Determinism to Anthropocene
2
Geopolitics of Climate Change: Shifting to Sustainable Development: Our Common Future 1987
Geopolitics of Climate Change: 19th Century View of Climate Geopolitics
3
Geopolitics of Climate Change: 21st Century Focus on Greenhouse Gases
Geopolitics of Climate Change: Geoengineering as Climate-Change Policy, Problems with Geoengineering

Geo-Politics of Indian Ocean (1)

1
Geopolitics of Climate Change: Cold War Geopolitics and Advent of Possibilism

Neopolitics of World Natural Resources (1)

1
Neopolitics of World Natural Resources

Social Geography(28)

Nature and Scope of Social Geography (1)

1
Social Geography: Introduction

Social Structure and Social Processes (4)

1
Social Movements
Social Structure: Concept of Social Structure, Components of Social Structure
2
Social Structure: Factors Affecting Changes in Society, Types of Social Structures
Social Process: Concept of Social Process, Factors Affecting Social Processes, Change in Contemporary Societies

Elements of Social Geography (2)

1
Quality of Life: Factors Affecting Quality of Life, Steps to Enhance Quality of Life
Quality of Life: Social Development and Quality of Life, Difference between Social Wellbeing and Quality of Life

Concept of Social Well-Being (4)

1
Social Well-Being: Dimensions of Wellness, Components of Social Well-Being
Social Well-Being: Pillars of Social Well-Being, Elements Contributing to Social Well-Being, Analysis of Social Well Being
2
Human Development Index: Human Development Indices
Human Development Index: Human Development Index (HDI)

Spatial Distribution of Social Groups in India: Tribe, Caste, Religion and Language (9)

1
Tribe: Concept of Tribe, Tribal Society
Tribe: Extinction of Tribal Heritage, Major Tribes of World
2
Caste: Characteristics of Caste
Caste: Caste and Religions
3
Caste: Caste System in the World
Class: Class Determinants, Consequences of Class Position
4
Class: Class Systems
Religion: Definition of Religion, Classification of Religion, Characteristics of Religion
5
Religion: Major World Religions

Environment and Human Health (1)

1
Social Movements in India: Some Works, Environment Movement, Green Belt Movement

Nutritional Status: Etiological Conditions, Classification, & Spatial and Seasonal Distribution (India) (4)

1
Nutritional Patterns in India: Classification of Nutrients
Nutritional Patterns in India: Pulses as Source of Nutrition, Possible Deficiencies
2
Right to Food: Recommended Actions to Secure Right to Food
Right to Food: Food and Nutrition Security

Health Care Planning and Policies in India (3)

1
Right to Food: Principles
Health Care Planning and Policies in India: Healthcare Sector in India
2
Health Care Planning and Policies in India: Medical Tourism in India

Cultural Geography(29)

Nature and Scope of Cultural Geography (10)

1
Cultural Geography: Introduction, Culture
Cultural Geography: Elements of Culture
2
Cultural Geography: Characteristics of Culture, Components of Culture
Cultural Geography: Interaction and Adaptation of Cultures, Cultural Terminology
3
Cultural Geography: Huxley’S Classification – Cultural Components, Leslie White’S Classification
Cultural Geography: Cultural Hierarchy
4
Cultural Geography: Carl Sauer’S Cultural Landscape
Cultural Geography: Cultural Landscape Components, Functions of Culture
5
Cultural Geography: Modes of Acquiring Culture, Cultural Geography
Tourism Geography: Theories in Tourism Geography, Problems in Tourism Geography

Languages (2)

1
Dialect
Languages: Classification of Languages

Concept of Culture-Areas and Cultural Regions (10)

1
Cultural Geography: Heritage Cycle, Culture Area, Cultural Region
Cultural Regions of World: Types of Culture Regions, Cultural Realms of World
2
Human Races and Ethnicity: Race, Ethnicity and Nationality, Ethnicity Terminology
Human Races and Ethnicity: Charter Groups and Doctrine of First Effective Settlement, Distribution of Ethnicity in USA
3
Human Races and Ethnicity: Origin of Race, Classification of Races
Human Races and Ethnicity: Major Human Races, Racism
4
Tourism Geography: Concept of Tourism
Tourism Geography: Common Terminologies
5
Tourism Geography: Types of Tourism
Tourism Geography: Motivators in Tourism, Classification of Tourists Behavior

Dwelling Places as Cultural Expressions (1)

1
Dwelling Places as Cultural Expression: Dwelling, Dwelling and Environment

Language (3)

1
Languages: “Language in Culture” & “Language and Culture”
Languages: Language Ability of Population, Terminologies
2
Languages: Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, Distribution of Major Languages of the World

Cultural Convergence (3)

1
Cultural Geography: Culture Sustainability, Cultural Ecology
Cultural Geography: Cultural Convergence, Cultural Heritage
2
Cultural Classification: Hans Carol Classification and Development Stages

Regional Planning(48)

Regional Concept in Geography (10)

1
Concept of a Region
Concept of a Region: Important Definitions, Region in Locality Groups
2
Concept of a Region: Aspects of a Region, Applications and Purpose of a Region
Concept of a Region: Characteristics of Region
3
Concept of a Region: Regional Geography
Regional Planning: Characteristics of Regional Planning, Objectives of Regional Planning
4
Planning for Sustainable Development: Sustainable Development, Problems Tackled by Sustainable Development
Planning for Sustainable Development: Objectives of Sustainable Development, Components of Sustainable Development
5
Planning for Sustainable Development: Strategy for Sustainable Development, Perspectives on Sustainable Development
Planning for Sustainable Development: Policy Directions for Sustainable Development

Concept of Planning Region (4)

1
Types of Planning
Regional Planning: Characteristics of a Planning Region, Principles of Regional Planning
2
Regional Planning: Techniques of Regional Planning
Regional Planning: Approaches to Regional Planning

Regional Hierarchy (6)

1
Regional Hierarchy: Regional Hierarchy According to Rao and Misra (Growth Foci)
Regional Hierarchy: Advantages of Growth Foci Structure
2
Regionalization: Characteristics of Regionalization
Regionalization: Techniques of Region Delimitation, Deciding a Technique for Regionalization
3
Regionalization: Steps in Delimitation of Region, Problems in Regional Delimitation
Regionalism and New Regionalism: Regionalism, Old Regionalism, New Regionalism (NR)

Types of Regions and Methods of Regional Delineation (6)

1
Types of Regions: Based on Identification of Regions, Based on Regional Economics Perspective
Types of Regions: Formal Vs. Functional Region, Multilevel Planning Regions
2
Types of Regions: Based on Economic Development, Based on Activity Status Analysis
Basis and Approaches of Regional Development: Spatial Perspective, Historical Perspective
3
Basis and Approaches of Regional Development: Economic Perspective
Basis and Approaches of Regional Development: Political Perspective

Conceptual and Theoretical Framework of Regional Planning (13)

1
Growth Centers and Growth Poles: Growth Poles
Growth Centers and Growth Poles: Growth Center, Differences between Growth Center and Growth Pole
2
Regional Growth Theories: Regional Growth, Regional Development
Regional Growth Theories: Classification of Regional Growth Theories
3
Regional Growth Theories: Classification for Based on Factors of Mobility
Regional Growth Theories: Perroux Growth Pole Theory
4
Regional Growth Theories: Myrdal’S Cumulative Causation Theory
Regional Growth Theories: Theory of Growth Centers & Growth Axis (Boudeville)
5
Regional Growth Theories: Hirschman’S Trickle down and Polarization Effect Theory, Rostow’S Model of Stages of Growth
Regional Growth Theories: Friedman’S Core-Periphery Theory
6
Regional Growth Theories: Export Base Theory (Exogenous Demand Driven), Neoclassical Exogenous Growth Theory (Exogenous Supply Driven)
Regional Growth Theories: Hermansen’S Theory of Unbalanced Growth
7
Regional Growth Theories: Summary of Regional Growth Theories

Regional Planning in India (1)

1
Environmental Issues in Regional Planning: Regional Planning Efforts to Reduce Environmental Degradation

Indicators of Development (5)

1
Regional Development Strategies (RDS): Effective Regional Development Strategy, Weakness of Regional Development Strategies
Regional Planning: Major Terms (a to D)
2
Regional Planning: Major Terms (E to M)
Regional Planning: Major Terms (N to R)
3
Regional Planning: Major Terms (S to V)

Regional Imbalances (3)

1
Regional Imbalances: Assessing Development
Regional Imbalances: Levels of Development
2
Regional Imbalances: Prominent Imbalances, Steps for Reducing Regional Imbalances

Geography of India(563)

Physiographic Divisions (10)

1
Physical Setting: Major Facts
Geographic Extremes of India
2
Space Relationship of India with Neighboring Countries: Area of India, Administrative Divisions of India 2011 Census
Physiographic Regions
3
Physiographic Regions: Great Northern Plains
Physiographic Regions: Peninsular Plateau
4
Physiographic Regions: Gulfs, Islands
Short Notes and Two-Markers on Indian Geography (a to C)
5
Short Notes and Two-Markers on Indian Geography (D to M)
Short Notes and Two-Markers on Indian Geography (P to W)

Climate and Its Regional Variations (42)

1
Classical Mechanism of Indian Monsoons
Classical Theories of Indian Monsoon: Halley Differential Heating (1686)
2
Classical Theories of Indian Monsoon: Developing the Dynamic Concept of ITCZ (Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone) or Air Mass Theory
Classical Theories of Indian Monsoon: Difference between Halley’S and ITCZ Concepts, Flohn’S Theory (1958)
3
Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Indian Monsoon and Himalayas as Barrier
Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Longitudinal Extent of Asia, Impact of Jet Stream and Tibetan Plateau (TP)
4
Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Himalayan Snow Cover, Indian Ocean Dipole
Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Low Level Somali Jet (LLJ) or Findlater Jet
5
Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Somali Current
Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Great Whirl, ENSO (El NiñO and La Niña)
6
Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO)
Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Impact of Global Warming on Indian Monsoon
7
Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Summary of Monsoon Factors
Weather Prediction: Monsoon Prediction
8
Weather Prediction: Extreme Weather Events, Models Used in IMD
Weather Prediction: Parameters Included in Forecasting
9
Weather Prediction: Terms Used in IMD Forecast
Progress and Phases of Indian Monsoons: Onset of the Monsoon
10
Progress and Phases of Indian Monsoons: Burst of Monsoon, Pre-Monsoon Showers
Progress and Phases of Indian Monsoons: SW Monsoon
11
Progress and Phases of Indian Monsoons: Retreating Monsoon or Northeast Monsoon, Summary of Characteristics of the Monsoons
Western Disturbances (WD): Mechanism
12
Western Disturbances (WD): Effect of Western Disturbance, Interaction between Monsoon & Western Disturbances
Cyclonic Activity in Indian Ocean: Cyclone Warning
13
Cyclonic Activity in Indian Ocean: Naming of Cyclones
Cyclonic Activity in Indian Ocean: IMD Classification of Low Pressure Systems
14
Cyclonic Activity in Indian Ocean: Yearly Variation in Cyclonic Activity
Cyclonic Activity in Indian Ocean: Comparison of Cyclonic Activity and Devastation between Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea
15
Cyclonic Activity in Indian Ocean: Effect of El NiñO and El NiñO Modoki
Overall Rainfall Distribution in India: Distribution between Components of Rainfall, Spatial Distribution of Winter Rainfall
16
Overall Rainfall Distribution in India: Spatial Distribution of Summer Rainfall, Overall Spatial Distribution of Rainfall
Floods and Droughts: Floods
17
Floods and Droughts: Droughts
Seasons in India: Winter (December-March)
18
Seasons in India: Summer (April-May)
Seasons in India: Monsoon (June-September), Post Monsoon or Autumn (October-November)
19
Climatic Regions: Factors Affecting Indian Climate
Climatic Regions: Regional Variations in Climate of India
20
Climatic Regions: Classification by Stamp and Kendrew
Climatic Regions: Trewartha’S Classification
21
Climatic Regions: Bansal’S Classification
Climatic Regions: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Classification

Vegetation Types and Vegetation Regions (13)

1
Natural Vegetation: Moist Tropical Forests
Natural Vegetation: Dry Tropical Forests
2
Natural Vegetation: Montane Sub-Tropical Forests
Natural Vegetation: Sub Alpine, Alpine
3
Natural Vegetation: Classification by H. G. Champion (1936)
Natural Vegetation: Area under Different Forests Types in India
4
Natural Vegetation: Density of Forests
Land Resources: Introduction, Land Use Classification
5
Land Resources: Land Problems
Land Resources: Solution of Land Problems
6
Forest Resources: Classification of Forests
Forest Resources: Major Forest Products
7
Forest Resources: Major Species and Their Uses

Major Soil Types (11)

1
Soil Types and Their Distributions: Alluvial Soils
Soil Types and Their Distributions: Black Soils (Regur)
2
Soil Types and Their Distributions: Red Soils
Soil Types and Their Distributions: Laterite Soils
3
Soil Types and Their Distributions: Forest Soils, Peat and Organic Soils
Soil Types and Their Distributions: Mountainous Soils
4
Soil Types and Their Distributions: Skeletal Soils
Soil Types and Their Distributions: Desert Soils
5
Soil Types and Their Distributions: Alkali and Saline Soils
Soil Erosion in India: Causes of Soil Erosion in India
6
Soil Erosion in India: Types of Soil Erosion in India, Factors Affecting Soil Erosion, Soil Conservation in India

Coastal and Marine Resources (4)

1
Marine Resources: Introduction, Marine Biodiversity
Marine Resources: Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Malvan (Marine) Wildlife Sanctuary
2
Marine Resources: Types of Deposits, Major Marine Programs
Marine Resources: Marine Fishery

Water Resources (16)

1
Drainage System and Watersheds: Formations by Westward and Eastward Rivers
Drainage System and Watersheds: Himalayan Rivers
2
Drainage System and Watersheds: Peninsular East Flowing Rivers
Drainage System and Watersheds: Peninsular West Flowing Rivers
3
Surface and Ground Water Resources: Water Situation in India
Surface and Ground Water Resources: Groundwater Development
4
Surface and Ground Water Resources: Surface Water Resources
Surface and Ground Water Resources: Urgent Need for Water Resources Management
5
Surface and Ground Water Resources: Challenges in Management of Water Resources
Surface and Ground Water Resources: Strategic Options for Water Resource Management
6
Surface and Ground Water Resources: Water Conservation Efforts
Linkage of Rivers: Introduction
7
Linkage of Rivers: Schemes for River Linkages
Linkage of Rivers: Successful Projects Worldwide, Reasons for River Interlinking in India
8
Linkage of Rivers: Achievements of Inter-Linking Project in India
Linkage of Rivers: Benefits of River Interlinking, Disadvantages of River Interlinking

Agriculture (54)

1
Biotic Resources: Cattle
Biotic Resources: Buffaloes, Goat Rearing
2
Biotic Resources: Sheep Rearing, Poultry Farming
Agricultural Census: Highlights of Agriculture Census 2010 - 11
3
Land Capability: Factors Determining Land-Capability
Land Capability: Land Capability Classification
4
Forestry: National Forest Policy
Forestry: Forest Conservation Measures
5
Forestry: Research and Development, Agro-Forestry and Social-Forestry
Forestry: Problems of Indian Forestry
6
Dry Farming: Introduction, Dry Farming in India, Regions of Dryland Agriculture
Dry Farming: Characteristics of Dryland Agriculture, Problems of Dry Farming in India
7
Dry Farming: Dry Farming Zones in India, Recommendations for Dry Farming Areas
Livestock Resources: Introduction, Importance of Livestock Resources
8
Livestock Resources: Production and Trade, Contribution of Livestock
Livestock Resources: Issues in Livestock Sector
9
Poultry: Characteristics of Poultry Farming
Poultry: Indian Fowls, Production
10
Poultry: Trade, Issues in Poultry Farming
Poultry: Issues in Poultry Industry, Central Poultry Development Organization
11
Poultry: Recent Schemes (More Schemes)
Milk Production (White Revolution or Operation Flood): Basis of White Revolution, Objectives of White Revolution
12
Milk Production (White Revolution or Operation Flood): Phases of White Revolution, Milk Production Trends
Milk Production (White Revolution or Operation Flood): Milk Distribution
13
Milk Production (White Revolution or Operation Flood): Achievements of White Revolution
Milk Production (White Revolution or Operation Flood): Problems of White Revolution, Future Prospects of Dairy Development
14
Meat Production
Meat Production: Trade
15
Meat Production: Consumption
Meat Production: Government Initiatives
16
Wool Production: Government Initiatives, Issues in Wool Industry
Wool Production: Trade
17
Yellow Revolution (Oilseeds)
Blue Revolution: Introduction, Types of Fisheries
18
Blue Revolution: Production
Blue Revolution: Consumption
19
Blue Revolution: Achievements of Blue Revolution, Shrimp Trade
Blue Revolution: Strategies for the Fisheries Development
20
Blue Revolution: Problems in Development of Fisheries
Aquaculture: Growth and Development of Aquaculture, Types of Aquaculture
21
Aquaculture: Aquaculture in India, Problems in Aquaculture
Sericulture: Bombyx Mori, Distribution of Types of Silk in India
22
Sericulture: Temperate Tasar
Sericulture: Sericulture in India, Trade (Indian Silk Export Promotion Council)
23
Sericulture: Central Silk Board (Industry Promotion)
Sericulture: Advantages of Sericulture, Problems in Development of Sericulture, Prospects
24
Apiculture: Introduction to Beekeeping
Apiculture: Beekeeping
25
Apiculture: World Production and Consumption, Production and Distribution in India
Apiculture: Honey Consumption in India, Honey Types in India, Resources & Infrastructure for Honey Production, Apiculture Management and Technology
26
Apiculture: Prospects, Sweet Revolution, Advantages of Beekeeping
Agricultural Regionalization: Characteristics of Agricultural Region
27
Agricultural Regionalization: Techniques to Define Agricultural Regions
Changes in Patterns of Land Use: Land Use Pattern Changes

Agroclimatic Regions (8)

1
Agricultural Regionalization: Classification of Agricultural Regions
Agro-Climatic Zones: Objectives to Analyze Agro-Climatic Regions, Agro-Climatic Regions of India
2
Agro-Climatic Zones: Agro-Climatic Regions of India (Eastern Himalayan Region, Lower Gangetic Plains, Middle Gangetic Plains)
Agro-Climatic Zones: Agro-Climatic Regions of India (Upper Gangetic Plains, Trans-Gangetic Plains, Eastern Plateau and Hills)
3
Agro-Climatic Zones: Agro-Climatic Regions of India (Central Plateau and Hills, Western Plateau and Hills Region, Southern Plateau and Hills)
Agro-Climatic Zones: Agro-Climatic Regions of India (East Coast Plains and Hills, West Coast Plains and Ghats, Gujarat Plains and Hills)
4
Agro-Climatic Zones: Agro-Climatic Regions of India (Western Dry Region, Island Region)
Agro-Ecological Regions: Concept and Introduction, Agro-Ecological Regions of India

Mineral and Power Resources (20)

1
Energy Resources: Conventional Energy Resources (Coal)
Energy Resources: Conventional Energy Resources (Petroleum)
2
Energy Resources: Conventional Energy Resources (Natural Gas, Thermal and Nuclear Electricity Sources)
Energy Resources: Non-Conventional Energy Resources
3
Mineral Resources: Mineral Belts of India
Mineral Resources: Major Mining Centers
4
Mineral Resources: Iron-Ore
Mineral Resources: Manganese
5
Mineral Resources: Aluminum (Bauxite)
Mineral Resources: Copper
6
Mineral Resources: Chromite, Lead
Mineral Resources: Zinc, Tungsten
7
Mineral Resources: Gold
Mineral Resources: Silver, Mica
8
Mineral Resources: Limestone
Mineral Resources: Diamond, Distribution of Other Major Minerals
9
Mineral Resources: Problems of Mining Industry, Conservation of Minerals
Energy Crisis: Energy in Indian Scenario, Oil Production in India, Energy Crisis in India
10
Energy Crisis: Reasons for Energy Crisis in India, Remedies to Energy Crisis
Energy Crisis: Renewable Energy Targets

Settlement Patterns (33)

1
Rural Settlements: Villages in Census
Rural Settlements: Classification of Villages Based on Size, Rural Settlement Morphology
2
Rural Settlements: External Structure of Rural Settlement
Rural Settlements: House Types in India
3
Rural Settlements: Evolution and Growth of Rural Settlements
Urban Settlement: Definition of Urban Area in India, Urban Agglomeration
4
Urban Settlement: Classification of Indian Towns Based on Evolution
Urban Settlement: Classification of Indian Cities Based on Population Size
5
Urban Settlement: Classification of Indian Cities Based on HRA (House Rent Allowance)
Functional Classification of Indian Cities: S. M. Rafiullah’S Classification
6
Functional Classification of Indian Cities: Ashok Mitra’S Classification
Functional Classification of Indian Cities: Dr. M. K. Jain’ Classification
7
Functional Classification of Indian Cities: Shekhar Mukherji’S Classification, Classification Based on Specialized Functions
Morphology of Indian Cities: Morphology of Indian Towns Based on Evolution
8
Morphology of Indian Cities: Urban Land Use Models, Urban Land Use Model by C. D. Deshpande
Conurbations and Metropolitan Regions
9
Urban Sprawl: Pattern of Sprawl
Urban Sprawl: Concept and Definition of Sprawl
10
Urban Sprawl: Characteristics of Sprawl, Spatial Forms of Sprawl
Urban Sprawl: Factors Affecting Sprawl
11
Rural-Urban Fringe: Definitions in Indian Context
Rural-Urban Fringe: Structure of Rural-Urban Fringe in India
12
Slums and Associated Problems: Slums and Its Classification, Causes of Slum Development
Slums and Associated Problems: Distribution of Slums in India
13
Slums and Associated Problems: Characteristics of Indian Slums
Slums and Associated Problems: 2011 Census Key Excerpts
14
Town Planning or Urban Planning: Principles of Town Planning, Examples of Exemplary Urban Planning
Town Planning or Urban Planning: Policy Measures
15
Town Planning or Urban Planning: Organizational Efforts for Town Planning in India
Town Planning or Urban Planning: Major Schemes for Town Planning in India
16
Town Planning or Urban Planning: Smart City Mission
Problems of Urbanization and Remedies: Problems of Urbanization
17
Problems of Urbanization and Remedies: Solutions to Urbanization

Regional Disparities in Social and Economic Development (69)

1
Regional Planning in India: Introduction, Inputs to Regional Planning
Regional Planning in India: Principles of Regional Planning
2
Regional Planning in India: Framework of Regional Development
Regional Planning in India: Planning at National, State, and Local-Level
3
Regional Planning in India: Failures of Planning
Overview of Indian Planning System and Five Year Plans: First Five-Year Plan (1951 - 1955)
4
Five Year Plans: Second Five-Year Plan (1956 - 1961)
Five Year Plans: Third Five-Year Plan (1961 - 1966)
5
Five Year Plans: Plan Holidays (Gadgil Formula)
Five Year Plans: Fourth Five-Year Plan (1969 - 74)
6
Five Year Plans: Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974 - 78)
Five Year Plans: Sixth Five-Year Plan (1980 - 85)
7
Five Year Plans: Seventh Five-Year Plan (1985 - 90)
Five Year Plans: Annual Plans (1990 - 92), Eighth Five-Year Plan (1992 - 97)
8
Five Year Plans: Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002 - 07)
Five Year Plans: Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007 - 2012)
9
Five Year Plans: Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012 - 2017)
Five Year Plans: Achievements of Five-Year Plans
10
NITI Aayog: 7 Pillars of Effective Governance
NITI Aayog: Key Objectives of NITI Aayog (Vis a Vis Planning Commission), Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) & Self-Employment and Talent Utilization (SETU)
11
Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP): Introduction, Program Details
Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP): Objectives of IRDP, New Initiatives under IRDP
12
Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP): Problems of IRDP, Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY), Million Wells Scheme (MWS)
Panchayati Raj and Decentralized Planning: Decentralized Planning
13
Panchayati Raj and Decentralized Planning: Panchayati Raj
PMSKY (Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana) - 2015: Objectives of PMSKY, Amalgamation of Schemes under PMSKY
14
PMSKY (Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana) - 2015: Components of PMSKY
Command Area Development (CAD): Highlights of CAD Program
15
Command Area Development (CAD): Objectives of CAD Program, Functions of CAD
Command Area Development (CAD): Problems in CAD Projects
16
Command Area Development (CAD): Command Area Development and Water Management (CADWM) Program
Command Area Development (CAD): Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area Development Program
17
Watershed Management: Components of Watershed Management
Watershed Management: Factors Affecting of Watershed Management
18
Watershed Management: Objectives of Watershed Management
Watershed Management: Watershed Management Programs
19
Watershed Management: Kalpsar Project
Planning for Backward Areas
20
Planning for Backward Areas: Characteristics of Backward Areas, Backward Area Development Programs in Five Year Plans
Planning for Backward Areas: Classification of Backward Area Development Programs
21
Planning for Backward Areas: Identification of Backward Areas
Desert Development Plan: Introduction, Objectives of DDP
22
Desert Development Plan: Regional Implementation of DDP, Reasons for Launch of DDP
Desert Development Plan: Strategies for Development
23
Desert Development Plan: National Watershed Development Program (DPAP, DDP, and IWDP)
Tribal Area Development Programs (TADPs): Integrated Development of Tribal Areas, Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP)
24
Tribal Area Development Programs (TADPs): Special Central Assistance (SCA), Other Initiatives for Tribal Development
Hill Area Development Programs (HADP): Designated Hill Areas, Hill Area Development Programs
25
Hill Area Development Programs (HADP): Western Ghats Development Program (WGDP)
Multi-Level Planning: Mechanism of Multi-Level Planning
26
Multi-Level Planning: Multi-Level Planning Units in India
Multi-Level Planning: Structure and Functions of Multilevel Planning Organizations
27
Multi-Level Planning: Requirements for Multi-Level Planning
Multi-Level Planning: Merits of Multi-Level Planning, Constraints of Multi-Level Planning
28
Concept and Indicators of Development: Concept of Development
Concept and Indicators of Development: Indicators to Measure Development and under-Development
29
Concept and Indicators of Development: Indicators to Measure Regional Imbalances
Development of Island Territories: Andaman and Nicobar Islands
30
Development of Island Territories: Lakshadweep
Geography and Regional Planning: Role of Geographers in Regional Planning
31
Geography and Regional Planning: Delineation of Regions in India
Regional Imbalances: Introduction, Extent of Regional Disparity
32
Regional Imbalances: Causes of Regional Imbalances, Challenges for Regional Planning
Regional Imbalances: Strategies for Reducing Imbalances
33
Geographical Basis of Indian Federalism: Definitions on Federation, Indian Federation
State Reorganization of 1956: Formation of States After Indian Independence Act 1947
34
State Reorganization of 1956: States Reorganization Act of 1956, Committees
Post 1956 States Formation
35
Regional Disparities in Economic Development: Regional Disparities During British Period

Wildlife (7)

1
Wild Life Destruction and Preservation: Destruction of Wildlife
Wild Life Destruction and Preservation: Strategy for Wildlife Conservation
2
Wild Life Resources: Introduction, Reducing Wild Habitats
Wild Life Resources: Wild Life Conservation Efforts
3
Wild Life Resources: Ecozones of India
Wild Life Resources: Wetlands
4
Wild Life Resources: Wildlife Conservation Strategy

Geological Timescale (9)

1
Structure: Movement of India to Present Position
Structure: Cratons of India
2
Structure: Tectonic Evolution of India
Structure: Precambrian Archean System
3
Structure: Tectonic Evolution of Proterozoic Systems
Structure: Palaeozoic (Cambrian to Carboniferous Period)
4
Structure: Mesozoic
Structure: Cenozoic Era
5
Structure: India Geological Map (Summary)

Growth and Composition: Rural-Urban, Age, Sex, Occupational, Educational, Ethnic and Religious (39)

1
Historical Perspective of Indian Society: Historical Analysis of Indian Society
Racial and Ethnic Diversities: Distribution of Racial Groups
2
Religious Minorities: Hindus, Muslims
Religious Minorities: Christians, Sikhs
3
Religious Minorities: Buddhists, Jains
Religious Minorities: Parsis
4
Demographic Attributes: Introduction, Basic Statistics of 2011 Census
Growth, Distribution and Density of Population: Distribution of Population
5
Growth, Distribution and Density of Population: Growth of Population
Growth, Distribution and Density of Population: Stages of Population Growth, Features of India’S Population Growth
6
Growth, Distribution and Density of Population: Replacement Level TFR, Density of Population
Growth, Distribution and Density of Population: Child Population
7
Growth, Distribution and Density of Population: Goal of Stable Population
Sex-Ratio
8
Sex-Ratio: Reasons for High Sex Ratio in Some States
Sex-Ratio: Child Sex Ratio, Goals of 11th Five Year Plan
9
Age Structure: Problems in Determining Age Structure, Population Pyramid
Dependency Ratio
10
Literacy Rate: Definition of Literacy, Working Definition of Literacy
Literacy Rate: Growth of Literacy
11
Literacy Rate: Literacy Variation between States
Literacy Rate: Efforts for Literacy Improvement
12
Work-Force: 2011 Census Analysis of Work-Force
Work-Force: 1991 Census Analysis of Work-Force
13
Work-Force: 2011 Census Analysis of Work-Force, Labor Relations, Future of India’S Work-Force
Migration: Reasons for Migration, Internal Migration in India
14
Migration: Statewise Migration Patterns
Migration: International Migration
15
Health Indicators: Health and Healthcare, Important Health Indicators, Prevalence of Disease in Indian Population
Health Indicators: Pharmaceutical Market, Health Infrastructure
16
Health Indicators: Healthcare Spending, Health Sector Reforms and Schemes
Health Indicators: Accessibility and TB Eradication
17
Health Indicators: Regulation and Management
Achievements in Health Care: National Health Policy 2017
18
Achievements in Health Care: National Health Policy 2015
National Health Policy 2015: Objectives
19
National Health Policy 2015 - Focus: 7 Priority Areas
National Health Policy 2002: Healthcare Policy Objectives (2002)
20
Longevity

Determinants of Population (17)

1
Historical Perspective of Indian Society
Scheduled Castes and Tribes: Scheduled Castes (SCs)
2
Scheduled Castes and Tribes: Distribution of SCs
Scheduled Castes and Tribes: Scheduled Tribes (STs)
3
Scheduled Castes and Tribes: Distribution of ST
Classification of Tribes: Racial Classification, Linguistic Classification
4
Classification of Tribes: Geographical Classification, Economic Classification
Classification of Tribes: Cultural Classification
5
Classification of Tribes: Classification Based on Integration
Major Tribes
6
Major Tribes: Tribes Found in Various Regions of India
Tribal Areas in India: Regional Distribution of Tribes
7
Problems of Tribals and Their Solutions: Tribal Problems, Solutions to Tribal Problems
Problems of Tribals and Their Solutions: Policy Measures
8
Problems of Tribals and Their Solutions: Steps for Tribal Upliftment, Solving Problems through “Development in Isolation”
Cultural Regions: Languages, Linguistic Diversities, and Regions
9
Cultural Regions: Cultural Regions of India

Major Crop Regions (8)

1
Cropping System (Patterns): Factors Affecting Choice of Cropping Patterns
Cropping System (Patterns): Advantages of Crop Patterns, Types of Cropping Systems
2
Cropping System (Patterns): Polyculture and Crop Rotation
Cropping System (Patterns): Efforts to Increase Crop Intensity, Cropping Regions
3
Cropping System (Patterns): Cropping Patterns in India
Cropping System (Patterns): Crop Combination
4
Cropping System (Patterns): Diversification of Cropping Patterns in India, Crop Concentration
Cropping System (Patterns): Major Crops of India

Regional Variations in Agricultural Development (7)

1
Agricultural Schemes: Marketing, Storage, and Processing
Agricultural Schemes: Increasing Productivity
2
Agricultural Schemes: Insurance and Financing, Agricultural Forecasting, Sectoral Schemes
Five Year Plans: Ninth Five-Year Plan (1997 - 02)
3
Watershed Management
Watershed Management: SAUNI Yojana
4
Desert Development Plan: Funding and Expenditure in DDP, Drawbacks of DDP

Environmental, Technological and Institutional Factors Affecting Indian Agriculture (40)

1
Infrastructure (Irrigation, Seeds, Fertilizers, Power): Water Management
Infrastructure (Irrigation, Seeds, Fertilizers, Power): Seed
2
Infrastructure (Irrigation, Seeds, Fertilizers, Power): Fertilizers
Infrastructure (Irrigation, Seeds, Fertilizers, Power): Power
3
Multipurpose Projects in India
Institutional Factors (Land Holdings, Land Tenure, and Land Reforms): Land Holdings, Land Tenure
4
Institutional Factors (Land Holdings, Land Tenure, and Land Reforms): Land Reforms
Institutional Factors (Land Holdings, Land Tenure, and Land Reforms): Agricultural Cooperatives
5
Agricultural Productivity: Measuring Agricultural Productivity
Agricultural Productivity: Agricultural Productivity Regions
6
Agricultural Productivity: Ways to Boost Agricultural Productivity
Agricultural Productivity: Risk Management in Agriculture
7
Agricultural Productivity: Contract Farming
Agricultural Intensity: Introduction, Agricultural Intensity in India
8
Agricultural Intensity: Factors Affecting Agricultural Intensity, Reasons of High Agricultural Intensity
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Activities in EIA, Technology in EIA
9
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Data Used in EIA, Methods and Types of EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Process of EIA, Application of EIA
10
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): EIA in India
Environmental Management: Aspects of Environmental Management, Objectives of Environmental Management
11
Environmental Management: Component of Environmental Management, Approaches of Environmental Management
Environmental Management: Problems of Environmental Management, Environmental Management System (EMS)
12
Environmental Management: International Organization for Standardization (14000), Green House Gas Emissions and Carbon Trading
Environmental Management: NGRBA and NMCG
13
Environmental Management: Namami Gange: Integrated Ganga Rejuvenation Plan (2015 - 2019)
Environmental Management: Blue Economy & Ocean Economy
14
Deforestation: Impact of Britishers, Post-Independence Phase
Deforestation: Change in Forest Cover, Biodiversity and Protected Areas
15
Deforestation: Local Traditions: Forests & Wildlife Conservation
Deforestation: Case Studies on Forest Conservation
16
Desertification: Introduction, Extent of Desertification
Desertification: Causes of Desertification
17
Desertification: Initiatives to Combat Desertification
Environmental Awareness: Awareness About Environmental Protection
18
Environmental Awareness: National Green Tribunal
Environmental Awareness: National Efforts
19
Changes in Patterns of Land Use: Land Use Pattern Comparison
Regional Disparities in Economic Development: Regional Disparities After Independence
20
Problems of Agrarian and Industrial Unrest: Agrarian Unrest
Problems of Agrarian and Industrial Unrest: Industrial Unrest

Green Revolution, Food Security and Right to Food (11)

1
Major Agricultural Revolutions
Green Revolution: Origin of Green Revolution, Reasons for Green Revolution in India
2
Green Revolution: Elements of Green Revolution in India, High Yielding Varieties (HYV) Seeds
Green Revolution: Green Revolution - Achievements
3
Green Revolution: Green Revolution - Problems
Green Revolution: Recent Developments
4
Green Revolution: Important Statistics, Organization of Organic Farm Industry
Population Explosion and Food Security: Need for Food Security in India
5
Population Explosion and Food Security: Right to Food
Population Explosion and Food Security: Food Issues
6
Population Explosion and Food Security: Tackling Food Security Problems, Challenges for India’S Food Security Policy

Industrial Development Since Independence (57)

1
Evolution of Industries: Pre-Independence Period
Evolution of Industries: Post-Independence Period (Five-Year Plans)
2
Measuring Industrial Performance: Index of Eight Core Industries
Measuring Industrial Performance: Index of Industrial Production (IIP)
3
Classification of Industries Based on Size: Cottage Industries, Difference between Small-Scale and Cottage Industries
Factors of Localization of Industry: Policy Impact on Industrial Location
4
Textile Industry in India: Promotion of Textile Industry, Export Promotion Efforts
Cotton Textile Industry: Introduction, Growth of Indian Cotton Industry
5
Cotton Textile Industry: Cotton Textile Production in India
Cotton Textile Industry: Distribution of Cotton Textiles
6
Cotton Textile Industry: Problems of the Cotton Textile Industry
Jute Industry: Introduction, Production Trend of Jute, Distribution of Jute Mills
7
Jute Industry: Location and Locational Factors, Jute Exports
Jute Industry: Cause of Decline of Jute Exports and Problems of Jute Industry, Measures for Improvement of Jute Industries
8
Synthetic Fiber Industry: Highlights of Synthetic Textile Industry, Trade
Iron and Steel Industry: Introduction, Iron and Steel Consumption, History of Development of Indian Steel Plants
9
Iron and Steel Industry: Distribution of Iron and Steel Industry in India
Iron and Steel Industry: Future Prospects of Steel Industry, Problems of Iron and Steel Industry
10
Iron and Steel Industry: Government Efforts, Iron & Steel Exports
Aluminum Industry: Introduction, Aluminum Consumption, Production of Aluminum
11
Aluminum Industry: Major Aluminum Companies and Plants, Aluminum Imports
Paper Industry: Introduction, Paper Production, Paper Consumption, Indian Paper Industry
12
Paper Industry: Major Raw Materials, Distribution of Paper Industry
Paper Industry: Paper Consumption, Foreign Trade
13
Paper Industry: Problems of Paper Industry, Developments
Chemical Industry: Locational Factors, Global Distribution of Heavy Chemical Industries
14
Chemical Industry: Chemical Industry in India, Heavy Inorganic Chemicals
Chemical Industry: Heavy Organic Chemicals
15
Chemical Industry: Pesticide Industry, Dye Industry
Chemical Industry: Soaps and Detergents Industry, Prospects of Chemical Industry
16
Pharmaceutical Industry: Indian Pharmaceutical Industry, Indian Pharmaceutical Companies
Fertilizer Industry: Major Undertakings of Fertilizer Industry
17
Fertilizer Industry: Distribution of Fertilizer Industry, Fertilizer Imports
Summary of Other Industries in India: Engineering Equipment
18
Summary of Other Industries in India: Electronic and Electrical Equipment
Summary of Other Industries in India: Cement Industry, Woolen Textile Industry
19
Summary of Other Industries in India: Silk Industry, Chemical Industry
Cottage Industries: Common Cottage Industries
20
Cottage Industries: Importance of Cottage Industries, Problems of Cottage Industries
Cottage Industries: Government Efforts to Promote Cottage Industries
21
Agro-Based Industries: Sugar Industry
Agro-Based Industries: Edible or Vegetable Oil Industry
22
Agro-Based Industries: Tea Industry
Agro-Based Industries: Coffee Industry
23
Industrial Houses: Tata Group, Reliance Group
Industrial Houses: Birla Group, Singhania Group, Goenka Group, Modi Group
24
Industrial Houses: Bajaj Group, Sriram Group, Oberoi Group, Jindal Group
Industrial Houses: Escort Group, Kirloskar Group, Firodia Group, UB Group
25
Industrial Houses: Sarabhai Group, Jagatjit Group, Godrej Group
Public Sector Undertakings: Classification of Public Sector Enterprises (PSEs)
26
Public Sector Undertakings: Objectives of Public Sector, Causes of Expansion of Public Sector
Public Sector Undertakings: Characteristics of Public Sector, Growth of Public Sector
27
Public Sector Undertakings: Distribution of Public Sector Investment, Problems of Public Sector
Public Sector Undertakings: Remedial Strategies to Promote Public Sector, Industrial Regionalization
28
Public Sector Undertakings: B. N. Sinha’S Classification
Multinational Corporations: India as Major Destination
29
Multinational Corporations: Indian Multinationals Abroad

Industrial Policies in India (6)

1
Industrial Policy: Policy Objectives, Subjects Covered under Industrial Policy
Industrial Policy: Bombay Plan, Industrial Policy Resolution, 1956
2
Industrial Policy: Industrial Policy Measures in 1960’S and 1970’S, Industrial Policy Statement, 1973
Industrial Policy: Industrial Policy Statement, 1977, Industrial Policy Statement, 1980
3
Industrial Policy: Industrial Policy, 1991, Dimensions of New Industrial Policy
Fertilizer Industry: Introduction, Production of Fertilizers

Development and Patterns of Transport Networks: Railways, Roadways, Waterways, Airways and Pipelines (39)

1
Tourism Including Eco-Tourism: Tourism, National Tourism Policy
Tourism Including Eco-Tourism: Government Schemes for Tourism Promotion
2
Tourism Including Eco-Tourism: Ecotourism
Tourism Including Eco-Tourism: Rural Tourism
3
Means of Transportation: Classification of Transportation, Importance of Transportation
Means of Transportation: Complementary Role of Transportation in Regional Development
4
Road Transport: Introduction
Road Transport: Classification of Roads in India
5
Road Transport: National Highway Projects
Road Transport: Bharatmala Pariyojana
6
Urban Transportation Policy
Road Transport: Roads and Rural Development Plan, Road Density Variation in India
7
Road Transport: Advantages of Road Transport, Limitations of Road-Transport
Railway Transport: Introduction
8
Railway Transport: Railway Gauges
Railway Transport: Railways Locomotives (Engines), Railway Zones
9
Railway Transport: Railway Distribution Network
Railway Transport: Efforts and Schemes for Railway Modernization
10
Railway Transport: Notable Stations, Railway Lines, and Trains
Railway Transport: Merits and Importance of Railway Transport
11
Railway Transport: Main Problems of Indian Railways
Air Transport: Introduction, Classification of Air Transport
12
Air Transport: Civil Aviation Corporations
Air Transport: Private Sector in Aviation, Airports
13
Air Transport: Advantages of Air Transport, Limitations of Air Transport
Waterways: Introduction, Important Organizations, Types of Water Transport
14
Waterways: National Waterways, Sethu-Samudram Project
Waterways: Sagar Mala Project
15
Waterways: Advantages of Water Transport, Limitations of Water Transport
Pipeline Transport: Oil Pipelines
16
Pipeline Transport: Gas Pipelines, Advantages of Pipeline Transport
Major Ports: Introduction, Traffic on Indian Seaports
17
Major Ports: Seaports of India, Problems of Coastal Shipping
Developments in Communication and IT: Postal System
18
Developments in Communication and IT: Telecommunications
Indian Space Program: Historical Development, Landmarks of Indian Space Program
19
Indian Space Program: Lunar Exploration (Chandrayaan-1), Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), Mangalyaan
Indian Space Program: Launch Vehicle Program
20
Indian Space Program: Observation and Communication Satellites

Internal and External Trade: Trend, Composition and Directions (15)

1
Trade Balance: Introduction, Indian Scenario
Trade Balance: Capital Inflows
2
Trade Policy: Introduction, Foreign Trade Policy Before 1991, Foreign Trade Policy 1991 Changes
Trade Policy: India’S Foreign Trade Policy (2004 - 2009)
3
Trade Policy: India’S Foreign Trade Policy (2009 - 2014)
Trade Policy: India’S Export-Import (EXIM) Policy
4
Trade Policy: Strategies to Achieve Objectives of Trade and EXIM Policies
Special Economic Zones (SEZ) and Export Promotion Zones (EPZ): Definition and Concept, Types of Zones
5
Special Economic Zones (SEZ) and Export Promotion Zones (EPZ): Obstacles in Success of SEZ, Benefits of SEZ
Special Economic Zones (SEZ) and Export Promotion Zones (EPZ): SEZs in India
6
Special Economic Zones (SEZ) and Export Promotion Zones (EPZ): Export Promotion Zones
India’S International Boundary & Foreign Policy: Disputes on Sharing of Water Resources
7
Terrorism and Threats: Domestic Threats in India, Cross-Border Terrorism in India
Terrorism and Threats: National Comprehensive Law on Terror
8
Terrorism and Threats: Steps Required for Counter Terrorism, Agencies to Fight Terror in India

Globalisation and Its Impact on Indian Economy (18)

1
Liberalization: Introduction, Aspects of Liberalization
Liberalization: Need for Liberalization, Impact of Reforms
2
Liberalization: India and China, Liberalization in Indian Private Sector, Problems of Liberalization
Regional Consciousness and Inter State Issues: Regional Feeling or Growth of Regionalism
3
Regional Consciousness and Inter State Issues: National Integration
India’S International Boundary & Foreign Policy: International Disputes (Excluding Water Sharing)
4
India’S International Boundary & Foreign Policy: Possible Solutions to the Kashmir Issue
Geopolitics of South Asia and Indian Ocean Realm: Strategic Significance
5
Geopolitics of South Asia and Indian Ocean Realm: Economic Significance
India’S Role in World Affairs: Strategic Partners
6
Concept of Sustainable Growth and Development: Indian Philosophical Construct, Natural Resource Management for Sustainable Economic and Social Development
Concept of Sustainable Growth and Development: Major Achievements, Major Initiatives
7
Concept of Sustainable Growth and Development: Millennium Development Goals and India
Globalization and Indian Economy: Introduction, Views on Globalization
8
Globalization and Indian Economy: Advantages of Globalization, Disadvantages of Globalization
Globalization and Indian Economy: Indian Economy
9
Globalization and Indian Economy: Pros of Globalization in India, Cons of Globalization in India
Globalization and Indian Economy: Urbanization and Globalization, Future Challenges in India

Natural Disasters in India (10)

1
Geography of India and Himalayan Highland Hazards: Retreating Glaciers, Climate Change, Seismicity
Geography of India and Himalayan Highland Hazards: Mining & Landslides, Forest Destruction, Flash Flood and Sedimentation, Remedies
2
Contemporary Issues and Environmental Hazards: Classification of Hazards, Landslides
Environmental Hazards: Landslide Hazard Mitigation Efforts
3
Environmental Hazards: Cyclones and Storms, Earthquakes
Environmental Hazards: Seismic Zones, Tsunamis
4
Environmental Hazards: Floods and Droughts, Epidemics
Environmental Hazards: Groundwater Contamination in India
5
Environmental Hazards: Urban Solid Waste Management (SWM)
Environmental Degradation: Environmental Issues in India, Causes of Environmental Degradation

Cartography(115)

Map (7)

1
Cartography: Introduction and Maps
Projections
2
Projections: Map Projection Terms
Projections: Map Projection Categorization Based on Projection Surface
3
Projections: Categorization of Map Projections Based on Properties
Projections: Important Map Projections Part - 1
4
Projections: Important Map Projections Part - 2

Types of Maps (5)

1
Maps: History of Maps, Characteristics of Maps
Maps: General Purpose Maps
2
Maps: Thematic or Special Purpose Maps
Maps: Classification of Maps Based on Purpose
3
Indian Topographical Maps

Pie Diagrams (3)

1
Data Representation Using Diagrams: Graphical Representation, Climogram or Climograph
Data Representation Using Diagrams: Hythergraph
2
Data Representation Using Diagrams: Ergograph

Mapping of Location Specific Data (14)

1
Relief Depiction: Sugar Loaves (Hill Profiles)
Relief Depiction: Hachures
2
Relief Depiction: Contours
Relief Depiction: Hypsometric Tints
3
Relief Depiction: Shaded Relief (Hill Shading)
Relief Depiction: Relief Illumination, Spot Height, Bench Marks
4
Relief Depiction: Trigonometric Stations, Control Method, Tanaka (Relief) Contours
Relief Depiction: Slope Maps, Block (Perspective) Diagrams
5
Relief Depiction: Physiographic Illustration
Relief Depiction: Profiles
6
Hypsometry and Clinometry: Hypsometric Curves
Hypsometry and Clinometry: Clinographic Curves
7
Hypsometry and Clinometry: Interpreting Hypsometric & Clinographic Curves
Altimetric Analysis: General Structure of Altimetric Curves, Uses of Altimetric Analysis, Measures of Altimetric Analysis

Remote Sensing and Computer Application in Mapping (7)

1
Appendix-III: Major Satellites and Details: Satellites Launched by India, LANDSAT Sensor Characteristics Details
Appendix-III: Major Satellites and Details: IRS Program Details, Spectral Characteristics of LISS I and LISS II (IRS 1A & 1B)
2
Appendix-III: Major Satellites and Details: Spectral Characteristics of LISS I & LISS II (IRS 1A & 1B), IKONOS & QuickBird Details
Appendix-III: Major Satellites and Details: SPOT Program Details, IRS Series Details
3
Appendix-III: Major Satellites and Details: RESOURCESAT-1 & 2 Details, Other Satellite Details
Appendix-III: Major Satellites and Details: Major Satellites with Altitude & Swath Width, Other Important Satellites
4
Appendix-III: Major Satellites and Details: Major Satellites of the World: Important Details

Geographic Information System (7)

1
Geographic Information Systems: Introduction
Geographic Information Systems: Subsystems of GIS
2
Geographical Data Representation: Geographic Data Types
Geographical Data Representation: Geographic Data: Linkages and Matching
3
Geographical Data Representation: GIS Data Types, Generalization
GIS Software Programs
Appendix-II: GIS Software: Software and Their Developers, Commercial GIS Software, Open Source GIS Software

Fundamentals of Cartography (1)

1
Data Representation Using Diagrams: Cartogram or Area Cartogram

Scale and Types of Scale (3)

1
Scales: Types of Scales
Scales: Reduction and Enlargement
2
Scales: Classification of Maps Based on Scale, Basic Conversions Useful in Cartography

Mapping Instruments (3)

1
Surveying: Bearings and Azimuths
Surveying: Comparison of Azimuths & Bearings
2
Surveying: Types of Surveys

Techniques of Map Making (1)

1
Slope Analysis: Historical Development of Slope Analysis, Complications in Slope Analysis, Slope Development

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) (2)

1
Relief Depiction: Elevation Analysis
Slope Analysis: Measurement of Slope (Grade), Measurement of Slope (Angle)

GIS Applications: Thematic Cartography, Spatial Decision Support System (13)

1
Geographic Information Systems: GIS Data, GIS as End-to-End Tool
Geographic Information Systems: GIS Data Layer or GIS Layer, Type of Information Provided by GIS Techniques
2
Geographic Information Systems: Need of GIS, Characteristics of GIS
Geographic Information Systems: Functions of GIS
3
Geographic Information Systems: Factors Aiding Rise of GIS
Related Disciplines and Technologies: Geography, Cartography, Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry
4
Related Disciplines and Technologies: Surveying, Geodesy, Statistics, Operations Research, Computer Science and Technology, Mathematics, Civil Engineering
Difference between GIS & Related Technologies
5
GIS Applications
GIS Applications: Advantages of GIS
6
GIS Processes
GIS Analysis: Steps for GIS Analysis
7
GIS Analysis: Methods for GIS Analysis

Types of Aerial Photographs (13)

1
Introduction to Aerial Photography: Importance of Aerial Photography, Difference between Maps and Aerial Photos, Basic Elements of Air Photo Interpretation
Introduction to Aerial Photography: Elements of Visual Interpretation (like Aerial Photograph)
2
Introduction to Aerial Photography: Advantages of Remote Sensing & Aerial Photography over Ground-Based Observation, Applications of Aerial Photography
Aerial Photography Terminology
3
Air Photo Scale: Height Determination from Air-Photos
Types of Aerial Photographs: Oblique Photographs
4
Types of Aerial Photographs: Vertical Photographs
Types of Aerial Photographs: Orthophotos, Trimetrogon, Multiple Lens Photography
5
Types of Aerial Photographs: Convergent Photography, Panoramic Photograph
Types of Aerial Photographs: Mosaics, Combinations
6
Types of Films: Advantages of Black and White Film
Types of Films: Applications of Color Film Technologies
7
Distortion and Displacement

GPS Components (Space, Ground Control and Receiver Segments) and Applications (6)

1
Global Positioning System: Concept of GPS, GPS Satellites
Global Positioning System: GPS Trilateration, Structure of GPS System
2
Global Positioning System: GPS Positioning Types, Factors Affecting GPS Accuracy
Global Positioning System: Errors in GPS System, Levels of GPS Accuracy
3
Global Positioning System: Reference Station, GPS Applications
Digital Mapping and GPS: Data Collection, Applications of Digital Mapping

Morphometric Analysis (2)

1
Morphometric Analysis: Ordering of Streams
Morphometric Analysis: Morphometry, Bifurcation Ratio, Drainage Density, Stream Frequency

Digital Image Processing, Remote Sensing and Big Data (6)

1
Digital Image Processing
Digital Image Processing: Image Preprocessing Part - 1
2
Digital Image Processing: Image Enhancement
Digital Image Processing: Image Classification
3
Digital Image Processing: Accuracy Assessment
Remote Sensing Applications

Basics of Remote Sensing (22)

1
Remote Sensing
Stages of Remote Sensing Process and Types
2
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic Spectrum: Radiation Laws
3
Electromagnetic Spectrum: Laws Governing Radiation
Energy Interactions & Spectral Reflectance: Energy Balance of Earth, Electromagnetic Emission, Absorption
4
Energy Interactions & Spectral Reflectance: Atmospheric Windows
Energy Interactions & Spectral Reflectance: Atmospheric Scattering
5
Energy Interactions & Spectral Reflectance: Reflection, Spectral Reflectance
Identifying Target from Interactions: Reflection Characteristics, Spectral Reflectance Characteristics
6
Identifying Target from Interactions: Applications of Common Spectral Bands
Major Components of Remote Sensing Technology
7
Platforms
Sensors: Types of Sensors, Elements of Optical Sensor Characteristics
8
Resolution
Multispectral Scanning: Across-Track Scanners
9
Multispectral Scanning: Along-Track Scanners
Multispectral Scanning: Advantages of Scanning System over Photographic System
10
Remote Sensing Satellites
Data Transmission
11
Image Interpretation & Analysis
Image Interpretation & Analysis: Data Formats for Digital Satellite Imagery

Statistical Methods(59)

Data Sources and Types of Data (8)

1
Statistical Methods: Introduction, Descriptive Statistics
Errors in Population Data
Types of Data: Primary Vs. Secondary Data, Qualitative Vs. Quantitative Data
2
Types of Data: Dependent or Independent Variable, Surrogates
Data Sources: Special Reference to India: NSSO, Population Statistics
3
Data Sources: Special Reference to India: Agricultural Statistics, Livestock and Poultry Statistics, Industrial Statistics
Data Sources: Special Reference to India: Economic Census, Employment Statistics, National Income Statistics
4
Appendixes - Appendix-I: Miscellaneous Computer Terminology

Statistical Diagrams (4)

1
Statistical Methods: Inferential Statistics, Functions of Statistics
Statistical Diagrams: Zero Dimensional Diagrams, One Dimensional Diagrams
2
Statistical Diagrams: Three Dimensional Diagrams, Pictograms and Cartograms
Class Interval: Types of Class Intervals

Frequency Distribution and Cumulative Frequency (5)

1
Distributions: Frequency Distribution
Distributions: Frequency Histogram, Frequency Polygon
2
Distributions: Probability Distributions
Frequency Distribution and Skewness: Coefficient of Skewness (SK)
3
Frequency Distribution and Skewness: Kurtosis

Measures of Central Tendency (2)

1
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median
Measures of Central Tendency: Mode, Weighted Mean, Harmonic Mean, Geometric Mean

Measures of Dispersion and Concentration (7)

1
Measures of Variation or Dispersion: Range, Mean Deviation, Variance, Standard Deviation
Measures of Variation or Dispersion: Bias, Measures of Relative Dispersion
2
Measurement of Concentration and Inequality: Diversification, Locational Quotient (LQ)
Measurement of Concentration and Inequality: Lorenz Curve
3
Measurement of Concentration and Inequality: Gini’S Coefficient
Measurement of Concentration and Inequality: Gini’S Means Difference (GMD), Index of Dissimilarity (Ducan)
4
Measurement of Concentration and Inequality: Index of Isolation, Index of Exposure or Interaction

Measure Association Among Different Attributes (6)

1
Inferential Statistics: Important Definitions
Measuring Association Among Attributes: Covariance, Correlation, Linear and Curvilinear Correlation
2
Measuring Association Among Attributes: T-Tests
Measuring Association Among Attributes: ANOVA or F-Test
3
Measuring Association Among Attributes: Chi-Square
Matrix (Linear Algebra) Basics: Addition and Subtraction, Multiplication of Matrix, Transpose, Determinant

Regression (1)

1
Measuring Association Among Attributes: Regression Analysis

Measurement of Spatialpatterns of Distribution (9)

1
Measurement of Spatial Patterns of Distribution: Mean Center, Median Center
Measurement of Spatial Patterns of Distribution: Modeling Spatial Dependence
2
Measurement of Spatial Patterns of Distribution: Spatial Autocorrelation
Measurement of Spatial Patterns of Distribution: Spatial Regression, Spatial Heterogeneity (LISA)
3
Measurement of Spatial Patterns of Distribution: Spatial Interpolation
Measurement of Spatial Patterns of Distribution: Gravity and Potential Models
4
Measurement of Spatial Patterns of Distribution: Compaction Index, Rank Size Rule
Time Series Analysis
5
Network Analysis: Flow Maps

Nearest-Neighbour Analysis (2)

1
Measurement of Spatial Patterns of Distribution: Nearest Neighbor Analysis
Cluster Analysis: Types of Cluster Analysis, Application of Cluster Analysis

Scaling Techniques (10)

1
Measurement Using Indices: 4 Steps in Choosing Items for Index, Examples of Indices
Composite Index: Construction of a Composite Index
2
Composite Index: Choosing Best Method for Developing the Index
Making the Indicators Scale Free: Conversion to a Discrete Scale, Range Equalization Method, Standardization, Division by Standard Deviation, Division by Mean, Division by an Ideal Value
3
Factor Analysis
Factor Analysis: Aspects of Factor Analysis, Advantages of Factor Analysis, Disadvantages of Factor Analysis, Uses of Factor Analysis
4
Factor Analysis: Types of Factor Analysis
Factor Analysis: FA and PCA
5
Factor Analysis: Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
Factor Analysis: Process of FA, Factor Rotations

Sampling Techniques (5)

1
Errors in Population Data: Non-Sampling Error, Sampling Error
Sampling Techniques: Laws of Statistics, Sample Size and Sampling Fraction
2
Sampling Techniques: Sampling Design, Types of Samples
Sampling Techniques: Purposeful Sampling, Advantages of Sampling Methods
3
Probability Basics