View 709 Notes detailed notes on NTA-NET (UGC-NET) Electronic Science (88)
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We have 709 Notes in NTA-NET (UGC-NET) Electronic Science (88) course arranged below by topic-subtopic. Topic-wise count & %effort is given in brackets. Green bars show topic progress as you mark the titles complete (Show me how).
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Solid State Device and Fabrication [95 Notes- 16% Effort]
Electronic Transport in Semiconductor [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Introduction to Optoelectronics, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Light Sources, Photo Detectors, Optical Fiber Communication, Application of Optoelectronics
- Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductor
- 2
- CoulombŐšs Law
PN Junction [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- P N-Junction: Introduction About the Semiconductors, Definition: P N-Junction
- P N Junction Diode: Definition, Construction, Working Principle, V-I Characteristics, Advantages, Disadvantages
Diode Equation and Diode Equivalent Circuit [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Diode Equation and Diode Equivalent Circuit: Definition: Diode, Symbol of Diode, Construction of Diode
- Diode Equation and Diode Equivalent Circuit: Working Operation of Diode- Forward Bias Operation, Reverse Bias Operation
- 2
- Diode Equation and Diode Equivalent Circuit: Diode Equation or Diode Law, Diode Equivalent Circuit
- Diode Equation and Diode Equivalent Circuit: Definition, Diode Equation, Diode Equivalent Circuit- Ideal Diode Equation, Non-Ideal Equation, Ideal Diode Model, Simplified Model, Piece-Wise Linear Model
Breakdown in Diodes [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Zener Diodes [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Tunnel Diode [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Semiconductor Diodes [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Diode & Its Applications
- Fabrication of P-N Junction Diodes: Semiconductor Diodes
- 2
- Semiconductor Diodes “Forward and Reverse Biased Junctions” : Qualitative Description of Current Flow at a Junction
- Semiconductor Diodes “Forward and Reverse Biased Junctions” : Carrier Injection, Reverse Bias
Characteristics and Equivalent Circuits of BJT [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Characteristics and Equivalent Circuits of JFET [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- FET (Field Effect Transistor) : Definition, Working Principle, Classification, Output Characteristics of JFET, Parameters of JFET
- Understanding the Concept of Junction FET
Characteristics and Equivalent Circuits of MOSFET [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
IC Fabrication-Crystal Growth [6 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Crystal Growth and Techniques - Czochralski Growth
- Crystal Growth and Techniques – Float Zone Crystal Growth
- 2
- Thin Film Deposition
- Thin Film Deposition - Chemical Deposition
- 3
- Thin Film Deposition - Physical Deposition
- Metallization: Enabling Electrical Interconnects and Signal Routing in Integrated Circuits
Epitaxy [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Oxidation [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Oxidation Process: Silicon Dioxide – Applications, Advantages, Measurements and Modifications
- Dry Oxidation vs. Wet Oxidation, Optical Properties of Silicon Dioxide, and Visual Appearance of Processed Wafers
Lithography [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- “Lithography: Precision Pattern Transfer for Semiconductor Manufacturing” : Lithography in Semiconductor Manufacturing
- “Lithography: Precision Pattern Transfer for Semiconductor Manufacturing” : Photolithography Steps, Masking and Etching
Etching [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Isolation Methods [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- “Comparison of Isolation Techniques: LOCOS vs. Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) ” : Isolation Techniques, Local Oxidation of Silicon
- “Comparison of Isolation Techniques: LOCOS vs. Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) ” : Shallow Trench Isolation, Differences between LOCOS and STI
Bonding [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Thin Film Active and Passive Devices [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Integrated Circuits Incorporating Thin-Film Active and Passive Elements
- Performance Characteristics of the Insulated -Gate Thin-Film Transistor, Application of Thin-Film Integrated Circuits to Image-Scanning Devices
Energy Bands in Solids [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Energy Band: Introduction About Atomic Structure
- Energy Band: Definition: Energy Band
- 2
- Comprehensive Understanding of Semiconductors and Electronic Band Structure: Overview, Bonding Forces in Solids
- Comprehensive Understanding of Semiconductors and Electronic Band Structure: Energy Bands
Concept of Effective Mass [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Density of States [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- “Fermi Distribution Function and Carrier Concentration in Semiconductors” : Concentration of Electrons in the Conduction Band, Concentration of Holes in the Valence Band
- “Fermi Distribution Function and Carrier Concentration in Semiconductors” : Effective Density of States, Intrinsic Carrier Concentration, Density-Of-States Effective Mass
Fermi Levels [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Metal Semiconductor Junction [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Ohmic and Schottky Contacts
- Ohmic Contacts, Making Ohmic Contacts, Application of Schottky and Ohmic Contacts
Low Dimensional Semiconductor Devices [6 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Carbon Nanotubes and One-Dimensional Quantum Wires: The Cornerstones of Advanced Nanoelectronics-Fabrication Techniques
- Carbon Nanotubes and One-Dimensional Quantum Wires: The Cornerstones of Advanced Nanoelectronics- Carbon-Based Nanotubes
- 2
- Advancements in Emission Wavelength Engineering: Applications of Quantum Wells in Semiconductor Lasers: Quantum Wells
- Advancements in Emission Wavelength Engineering: Applications of Quantum Wells in Semiconductor Lasers: Quantum Wells- Quantum Wells and Sub Bands, Energy Transitions and Emission in Quantum Wells
- 3
- “Zero-Dimensional Quantum Dots” : Nano Electronic Devices
- “Zero-Dimensional Quantum Dots” : Quantum Dots in Flash Memories
High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Solar Cells and Display Technology [9 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Solar Cell
- “I-V Characteristics of Solar Cells”
- 2
- “Advancements and Applications of Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) ”
- Solar Cell Parameters: Short -Circuit Current Density; Open Circuit Voltage
- 3
- Solar Cell Parameters: Fill Factor, Conversion Efficiency
- Flexible Display Devices – Flexible OLED (Mechanism, Manufacturing, Structure)
- 4
- Flexible Display Devices – Flexible OLED (Applications, Advantages and Limitations)
- Crystal Clear: Unveiling the World of LCD Displays
- 5
- Crystal Clear: Unveiling the World of LCD Displays: Application of Liquid Crystals
Emerging Materials for Future Devices [7 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Carbon Nanotubes: Single Walled Nanotubes
- Carbon Nanotubes: Multi Walled Nanotubes
- 2
- Zno, SiC: Overview, Advantages of Wide-Band-Gap Materials in Bioelectronics, Fabrication Technique of WBG Materials for Wearable and Implantable Integrated Bioelectronics
- Zno, SiC: Applications and Future Perspective
- 3
- Graphene - Overview and Introduction
- Methods of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials (GBNMs) Synthesis
- 4
- Applications of Graphene-Based Materials
Characterization Techniques [7 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Characteristics of MOS Transistors
- Characteristics of MOS Transistors, N-Channel MOS (NMOS) and P-Channel MOS (PMOS) , MOS Transistor Characteristics
- 2
- Threshold Voltage, Transconductance
- Drain Current, Output Characteristics
- 3
- XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) Nanomaterial and Nanostructure Properties
- TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy)
- 4
- SEM (Scanning Tunneling Microscopy) and EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy)
MOS Technology and VLSI [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- MOS Technology and VLSI: VLSI Process, Twin-Well CMOS Process, Integrated Devices, MOSFETs
- MOS Technology and VLSI: Resistors, Capacitors, Pn Junction Diodes, BiCOMS Process
- 2
- MOS Technology and VLSI: Lateral Pnp Transistor, P-Base and Pinched-Base Resistors, SiGe BiCMOS Process
Scaling of MOS Devices [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Scaling of MOS Devices, MOSFET Scaling - Constant Field Scaling
- MOSFET Scaling - Constant Voltage Scaling
Characteristics of MOS Transistors: NMOS & CMOS Inverters [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- NMOS and CMOS Inverters: Methodology
- NMOS and CMOS Inverters (Performance Analysis) -D Flip Flop Circuit and Leakage Power Analysis, Full Adder Circuit, Modeling and Analysis
Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Structure of Charge - Couple Device - MOS Capacitor, CCD Pixel, Advantages of Buried Channel Capacitor for CCDs
- Pixel Technology, Dark Current, Enhancements
- 2
- Signal Processing, Methods of Correlated Double Sampling
- Charge Storage and Transfer
- 3
- Charge Transfer Process
VLSI Design [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Networks and Theorems [61 Notes- 6% Effort]
Superposition [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Thevenin [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- TheveninŐšs Theorem: Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
- TheveninŐšs Theorem Step-By-Step Procedure
Norton and Maximum Power Transfer Theorems [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- NortonŐšs Theorem: Concept and Circuit Diagram
- NortonŐšs Theorem: Step-By-Step Procedure, Advantages and Limits
- 2
- Step by Step Application of NortonŐšs Theorem to Calculate IN and RN
- Maximum Power Transfer Theorem: Limitations, Applications, Proof, Conditions, Value & Efficiency
Network Elements [8 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Network Impedance and PI and T Networks
- Impedance of a Transmission Line and L Shaped Reactive Networks
- 2
- Inductance and Capacitance
- Measurement of Voltage, Current and Resistance: OhmŐšs Law, Power and Energy
- 3
- Series and Parallel Connections of Resistors; Current Divider; Ladder Network and Circuit
- Resistor: Types and Important Equations; Inductor and Related Expressions
- 4
- Capacitor and Its Types & Expressions; Network and Terminologies
- Ideal and Practical Sources of Energy
Network Graphs [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Network Graphs: Kirchhoff՚s Current Law (KCL) , Kirchhoff՚s Voltage Law (KVL) , Applications, Example, R – L – C Series Circuit
- Resonance in RLC Circuit; Parameters: Resonant Frequency
- 2
- Applications of R-L-C Series Circuits; Parallel Resonance Circuit Diagram - Quantities & Application
Nodal and Mesh Analysis [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- KirchhoffŐšs Law
- Mesh Analysis: Procedure, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
- 2
- Nodal Analysis: Process and Sources
- Nodal Analysis; with Current Source and Properties
- 3
- Super Node: Properties and Application
Zero and Poles [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Poles and Zeros of Network Functions, Pole Zero Diagram
- Time Domain Response from Pole Zero Plot: 8 Cases
Bode Plots [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Bode Plot: Need, Magnitude, Phase Angle and Factors, System Gain, Poles and Zeroes
- Bode Plot Construction with Example
Laplace Transforms [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Laplace Transform: Laplace Transform of Standard Functions
- Properties of Laplace Transform; Initial and Final Value Theorem
- 2
- Inverse Laplace Transform; Convolution Theorem
- Circuit Analysis Using Laplace Transform: Resistive, Inductive, Capacitive; DC Response of RC Circuit
- 3
- DC Response of Series RL & RLC Circuit; Sinusoidal Response in RC and RL Circuit
Fourier and Z Transforms [6 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Fourier Series: Fourier Series Representation of Continuous Time Periodic Signals, CTFT
- Application of Fourier Series
- 2
- Z-Transform & Region of Convergence
- Z-Transforms Properties, Initial and Final Value Theorems, Causality and Stability
- 3
- Solving Difference Equations by Z-Transform: Natural and Forced Response; Inverse Z-Transform
- Methods to Find the Inverse Z-Transform: Residue Method
Time and Frequency Domain Responses [6 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Methods of Signal Analysis: Time & Frequency Domain; Time Domain Specifications
- Methods of Signal Analysis: Frequency Domain Analysis; Time-Frequency Signal Analysis
- 2
- Linear Circuit Components: Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor
- Transient Response: Steps, RL, RC, RLC Circuits
- 3
- Frequency Domain: KCL in S-Domain, KVL in S-Domain
- Resonance Circuit: Series and Parallel; Time Frequency Domain Analysis
Image Impedance and Passive Filters [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Filter Terminology: Low Pass, High Pass, Band Pass and Band Stop Filter
- Image Impedance, Passive Filters & Types
Two - Port Network Parameters [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Transfer Functions [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Transfer Function: Two-Port Network Functions
- Transfer Function: Different Transfer Functions of the Two-Port Network- Transfer Impedance Functions, Transfer Admittance Functions, Voltage Transfer Function, Current Transfer Function
State Variable Method of Circuit Analysis [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Basics and AC Circuit Analysis [9 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- AC Circuit Analysis: Fundamental of AC Supply - Cycle, Time Period (T) , Frequency (F) , Instantaneous Voltage and Current, RMS Value, Average Value
- AC Circuit Analysis: Basic Circuit Operation with AC Supply, AC Circuit Operation- Simple R Circuit with AC, Simple L Circuit with AC Supply, Simple C Circuit with AC Supply, Series R and L Circuit, Series R and C Circuit, Series R, L and C Circuit
- 2
- AC Circuit Analysis: Parallel AC Circuits- Parallel R and L Circuit, Parallel R and C Circuit, Parallel R, L and C Circuit, Applications
- Field and Circuit Theory and Lumped Systems/Distributed System
- 3
- Network Theorems, Mathematical Modeling, and Analogous Physical Quantities
- Linear and Non-Linear Circuits, Electromagnetic Laws, Theorems, and Differential Equations
- 4
- Retarded Potentials and Radiation Resistance, Comparison between the Circuit Theory and Field Theory
- Field and Circuit Theory
- 5
- OhmŐšs Law
Transient Analysis [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Linear Integrated Circuits and Op-Amps [33 Notes- 3% Effort]
Rectifiers [6 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Rectifier: Schematic Diagram of Rectifier, Single Phases Half Wave Rectifier Explanation Transformer, Types of Rectifiers, Circuit Diagram, Contraction, Operation
- Rectifier: Single Phase Full Wave Controlled Bridage Rectifier- Circuit Diagram, Operation
- 2
- Rectifier: Three Phase Full Wave Controlled Bridage Thyrister Rectifier- Circuit Diagram, Construction, Operation, Applications of Rectifiers
- Diode Rectifiers
- 3
- Half-Wave Rectifiers
- TLE: Bridge Rectifier with RLE Load
Voltage Regulated ICs and Regulated Power Supply [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Voltage Regulated ICŐšs and Regulated Power Supply: Regulated Power Supply, the Regulated Power Supply Are Categories of Two Types, Linear Shunt Transistor Voltage Regulator, Voltage Regulated ICs
- Voltage Regulaterd ICS and Regulated Power Supply: Types of Voltage Regulator ICs, Variable Voltage Regulator, Applications of Regulated Power Supply- Fixed Voltage Regulators, Operation, IC LM 317 Regulator, Construction and Operation
Biasing of Bipolar Junction Transistors and JFET [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Biasing of Transistor and JFET: BJT Biasing- Types of the Biasing Circuits, Collector to Base Bias, Self-Bias (Emitter Bias)
- Biasing of Transistor and JFET: JFET Biasing, Common Source Voltage Divider Biasing- Introduction, Circuit Diagram, Construction and Operation
Single Stage Amplifiers [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Single Stage Amplifier: Transistor Amplifier Types- Q-POINT or Quiescent Point
- Single Stage Amplifier: Single Stage Amplifier- Introduction, a. C. Equivalent Circuit of the Single Stage Amplifer, D. C Equivalent Circuit of the Single Stage Amplifer, Construction and Operation
Multistage Amplifiers [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Multi Stage Amplifier: Basic Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier - Circuit Diagram, Construction and Operation, Frequency Response
- Multi Stage Amplifier: Frequency Response Characteristics of Two Stage RC Coupled Amplfier, Classes of Amplifier - Lower Cutoff Frequency (FL) , Upper Cut -Off Frequency (FH) , Band Width (BW) , Classification of Amplifier Classes, Amplifier – Class B
Feedback in Amplifiers [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Feedback in Amplifier: Types of Feedback, Types of Negative Feedback Based on the Circuit Configurations- Positive Feedback, Negative Feedback, Application of Negative Feedback
- Feedback in Amplifier: Connection Diagrams of Negative Feedback, General Theory of Negative Feedback. Voltage Series Feedback, Voltage Shunt Feedback, Current Series Feedback, Current Shunt Feedback, Voltage Series Feedback, Advantage of Negative Feed Back, Applications
Oscillators [6 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Oscillators and Barkhausen Criterion: Types of Oscillators, Sinusoidal Oscillator Types- Condition for Oscillation, Voltage Gain Without Feedback, Voltage Gain with Feedback
- LC Oscillator: Operation, Tank Circuit, Transistorized Amplifier, Feedback
- 2
- Oscillators: Crystal Oscillator - Introduction Crystal Oscillator, Construction, Operation, Applications
- Hartley Oscillator
- 3
- ColpittsŐšs Oscillator
- Phase Shift Oscillator (RC Oscillator)
Function Generators [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Operational Amplifiers Characteristics and Applications [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Operational Amplifier Characteristics and Applications: Block Diagram of OP-AMPS, Characteristics of Ideal OP- AMP- Input, Output Stage, Intermediate Stage, Level Shifting Stage/Emitter Follower
- Operational Amplifier Characteristics and Applications: Simple Equivalent Circuit of OP- AMP, Applications of OP-AMP, Inverting Amplifier- Construction, Operation
- 2
- Operational Amplifier Characteristics and Applications: Summing Amplifier, Non- Inverting Amplifier
Integrator [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Differentiator [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Wave Shaping Circuits [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
F to V and V to F Converters [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Schmitt Trigger [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Phase Locked Loop: Basics [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Digital Electronics [94 Notes- 12% Effort]
Logic Families [8 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- What is Electronic Science – Its Branches
- Logic Families: Positive and Negative Logic, Types of Logic Families
- 2
- Characteristics of Logic Families
- Evolution of Logic Families
- 3
- TTL Families
- Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Logic Family
- 4
- Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL) Family
- Interfacing with MOS and ECL Devices
Flip - Flops [7 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Flip-Flops
- Types of Flip-Flops: JK Flip-Flop and JKMS Flip-Flop
- 2
- Types of Flip-Flops: D Flip-Flop and T Flip-Flop
- Race Around Condition in JK Flip Flop
- 3
- Flip – Flops
- Operating Characteristics of Flip-Flops
- 4
- Behavior of Flip-Flops (SR, D, JK, T)
Gates [7 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Gates
- Classification of Gates: Nor and NAND Gate
- 2
- Classification of Gates: EX-Or and EX-Nor Gate
- Realization of Gates: Universal Gates
- 3
- Logic Gates
- IEEE/ANSI Standard Symbols
- 4
- Pulse Operations of Gates and Applications of Logic Gates
Boolean Algebra and Minimization Techniques [11 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Boolean Algebra: Boolean Algebra, Postulates, Laws and Theorems of Boolean Algebra
- Boolean Algebra: Simplification of Boolean Expression, De MorgansŐšs Theorems- Points to Remember Regarding De MorganŐšs, Visualization of Signal Flow Using De MorganŐšs Theorem
- 2
- Boolean Algebra and Minimization Techniques
- Number System
- 3
- Number Base Inter-Conversions
- Binary Codes
- 4
- Boolean Algebra
- Laws of Boolean Algebra
- 5
- Simplification of Boolean Expressions
- Karnaugh Maps (Introduction, Minterms, Maxterms, POM, SOP, POS)
- 6
- Karnaugh Map (Application, Minimization, DonŐšt Care)
Counters: Ring [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Counters: Ripple [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Counters: Synchronous [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Counters: Asynchronous [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Up and down Shift Registers [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Multiplexers and Demultiplexers [6 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer: Multiplexer, De-Multiplexer- Logic Diagram, Construction, Operation
- Multiplexer and Demultiplexers
- 2
- Types of Multiplexer
- Multiplexer ICs and Cascading Multiplexer
- 3
- Applications of Multiplexers and Demultiplexers
- Demultiplexers ICs and Applications of Demultiplexers
Arithmetic Circuits [11 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Arithmetic Circuits: Arithmetic and Logic Circuit, Half Adder - Construction & Operation
- Arithmetic Circuits: Full Adder, Half Subtractor, Full Subtractor
- 2
- Arithmetic Circuits
- Binary Subtractor
- 3
- Binary Multiplication
- Binary Division
- 4
- Fixed Point Arithmatic
- Floating-Point Representation
- 5
- Floating Point Arithmetic
- Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
- 6
- ALU ICs
Memories [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Memories: Semiconductor Memories, Memory Basic Terms, Types of Semiconductor Memory- Memory Cell, Memory Word, Byte, Read Operation, Read Only Operation
- Memories: RAM (Random Access Memory) , Bipolar RAM Cell, ROM, and CCD Devices (Types of Random Access Memory, Construction & Operation, Types of ROM Memory, Operation)
AD and DA Converters [6 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- A/D to D/A Converters: Digital to Analog Converter, Basic Concepts, Types of D/A Converters, Weighted Resistor (Summing Amplifier) D/A Converter
- A to D Converter: Analog to Digital Converter- Necessity, Sample and Hold Circuit, Types of A/D Converter, Successive Approximation A/D Converter- Construction, Operation
- 2
- DAC Introduction and Types
- Binary Weighted Method of DAC
- 3
- Types of A/D Converters, the Ultimate Guide, Introduction, Main Types of ADC Converters
- Sample and Hold Circuit Introduction, Performance Parameters
Combinational Circuits [10 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Combinational Circuits
- Comparator
- 2
- Basics of Decoder
- Binary Decoders
- 3
- Special Decoders
- Applications of Decoders
- 4
- Hazards in Combinational Circuits
- Detection and Elimination of Hazards
- 5
- Simple Binary Encoders
- Basics of Encoders: Priority, Keyboard Encoder and Applications of Encoders
Programmable Logic Devices (PLD) [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Sequential Circuits [9 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Latches
- Latches: Active High and Low SR Latch
- 2
- Gated SR and D Latch
- Applications of Latches
- 3
- Sequential Circuit Models
- Finite State Machine
- 4
- Excitation Table and State Diagram
- Sequential Circuits: Octave Frequency Division in Counters
- 5
- Steps in Designing a Sequential Circuits
Analysis and Design of Digital Circuits Using HDL [7 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Microprocessor and Microcontroller [9 Notes- 1% Effort]
Architecture of 8085 and 8086 Microprocessors [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Evolution of Microprocessors
- Pentium Series
- 2
- Architecture of 8085 Microprocessors
- Architecture of 8085, Intel 8086
- 3
- Architecture of 8086
Addressing Modes, 8085 Instruction Set [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Addressing Modes and Instruction Set of 8085
- Logical Instructions, Branching Instructions, Control Instructions
8085 Interrupts [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
8085 Programming [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Computer Programming Languages [140 Notes- 15% Effort]
C: Introduction of High - Level Programming Language [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Fundamentals of Computer Programming
- Introduction to C Language
- 2
- Structure of C Program, Problem-Solving Process, the Algorithm and Flow Charts
- Introduction of High-Level Programming Language, Low-Level Languages, High-Level Languages, Where C Language Stands, Historical Development of C Language
C:Introduction of Data in C [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Character Set of C and C Tokens
- Introduction of Data in C, Variable, Constant, Names/Identifiers, List of Reserved Word in C, Declaring Variables
C: Operators and Its Precedence [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Operators and Expressions
- Expressions and Their Types
- 2
- Operator Precedence
- Operators and Their Precedence
- 3
- Operators and Its Precedence, Arithmetic Operators, Increment and Decrement Operator, Relational Operators, Logical Operators, Bit-Wise Operators
C: Various Data Types [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Variables and Namespaces
- Data Members and Main C ++ Program Function
- 2
- Data Types
- Data Types: Basic Data Type, Enumerated Type, the Void Type, Derived Type
- 3
- Various Data Types in C, Simple Data Types, Enumerated Data Type, the Void Data Type
C: Storage Classes [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Memory Management Operators
- Storage Classes in C, Auto Storage Class, Static Storage Class, Register Storage Class, Extern Storage Class
C: Decision-Making and Forming Loop in Program [6 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Iteration Statements (for, While, Do … While)
- Jump Statements: Break, Continue, Exit () Function and Unconditional Branching Statement (Goto)
- 2
- Decision Making
- The Switch-Case
- 3
- Forming Loops
- Loop Interruption
C: Handling Character [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Character Handling: Concept and Classification of Characters
- Character Handling: Case Conversion and Character Class Determination for Wide Characters
- 2
- Character Handling: Mapping of Wide Characters
C: Arrays [7 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Arrays
- Passing an Array to a Function
- 2
- Returning an Array from a Function and Array of Objects
- Array in C
- 3
- Arrays: Array Declarators, Adjustable and Assumed Size Array
- Arrays in Fortran, Arrays in Sections and Dynamic Memory Allocation
- 4
- Array Intrinsic Functions and Element-Wise Operations on Arrays
C: Structure and Union [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Structure of Data Types
- Structures in C
- 2
- Structure Initialization, Accessing Structure Members and Uses of Structure
- Union and Enum
C: User Defined Function and Parameters [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Default Arguments and Inline Functions
- Functions
- 2
- User-Defined Functions
- Call by Value and Reference, Const Arguments, Recursion
C: Pointers [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
C: Advanced Pointer [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Pointer: Introduction, Declaration, Initialization and Its Advantages and Disadvantages
- Complex Pointers: Passing Pointers to Functions, Accessing Pointers, Wild and Void Pointers
C: Pointer to Structures [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Pointer to Structures: Structure in C and Accessing Structure Using Pointer
- Pointer to Structures: Accessing Structure Member Using Pointer and to Get Memory Heap
- 2
- Pointer to Structures: Memory Representation, when to Use Pointer to Structure in C and Its Real Time Example
- Pointer to Structures: Complex Data Structures Example Using Pointer to Structure in C and Its Explanation
C: Pointer to Functions [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
C: Dynamic Data Structure [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Dynamic Data Structure: Uses, Dynamic vs. Static Data Structure
- Dynamic Data Structure: Linked List - Example, Advantages
C: File Handling [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- File Handling in C: What is File in C, Need and Types of File in C
- File Handling in C: Functions, Description of Function and Operations
- 2
- File Handling in C: File Opening Modes in C, Opening Modes - Description and Example
- File Handling in C: Example to Create a File in C and FunctionDescription
- 3
- File Handling in C: Examples of File Handing in C
C: Command Line Argument [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Command Line Argument and Example
- Parsing C Command-Line Arguments, Working, Properties and Advantages
C: Graphics-Video Modes [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Graphics – Video Modes in C: Graphics. H in C and Graphics Mode Initialisation
- Graphics – Video Modes in C: Graphics Mode Functions, Graphic Program to Draw a Line
- 2
- Graphics – Video Modes in C: Colors in C Graphics Programming and Graph Error Handling
- Graphics – Video Modes in C: Texture and Filling, Text Display and Basic Shapes
C: Video Adapters [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Video Adapters: Video Card, and Components of Video Card or Graphic Card
- Video Adapters: Types of Graphic Cards, Standards and History, Working and Video Card Ports
C: Drawing Various Objects on Screen [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Drawing Various Objects on Screen: Drawing a Rectangle
- Drawing Various Objects on Screen: Drawing a Graph and a Circle
C: Interfacing to External Hardware via Serial or Parallel Port Using C [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Basic Embedded C Programs: Methods of Data Acquisition, Serial vs Parallel
- Basic Embedded C Programs: Serial Communication and Registers
- 2
- Basic Embedded C Programs: Parallel Port and Examples
C: Applying C to Electronic Circuit Problems [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
C++: Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming and C++ [8 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Object-Oriented Methodology
- Basic Concepts of Object-Oriented Programming
- 2
- Benefits of OOP, Object Oriented Languages and Application of OOP
- C ++ Programming
- 3
- Classes and Objects
- Defining Member Functions and Making an Outside Function Inline
- 4
- Memory Allocation, Arrays and Returning Objects
- Friend Functions
Introduction of FORTRAN Language [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- FORTRAN Language: History, Basics, and Program Structure
- FORTRAN Language: Defining Variables, Displaying Messages and Values, and Characteristics
FORTRAN: Programming Discipline [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
FORTRAN: Statements to Write a Program [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- FORTRAN: Format Statements and Common Format Codes
- FORTRAN: Format Strings in Readâź‹Write Statements
- 2
- FORTRAN: Statement Function
FORTRAN: Intrinsic Functions [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Fortran – Intrinsic Functions: Numeric and Mathematical Functions
- Fortran – Intrinsic Functions: Numeric Inquiry, Floating Point Manipulation, Bit Manipulation, Character, Kind and Logical
FORTRAN: Integer-Type Data [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Fortran Data Types: Integer Types and Categories
- Fortran Data Types: 5 Intrinsic Data Types - Real, Complex, Logical, Character, Implicit and Double Precision
FORTRAN: Type Statement [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
FORTRAN: If Statement, Loops, and Control Flow [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Control Flow
- Decision-Making Statements (if, if. . else, Switch)
- 2
- If Statement: General Form, Logical if
- If Statement: Block if, if-Then-Else
- 3
- If Statement: If-Then-Else if Structure and Nested if Statement
FORTRAN: Data Validation [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Fortran Data Validation: Simple Input and Output
- Fortran Data Validation: Default Formatting, Formated Iâź‹O
- 2
- Fortran Data Validation: Edit Descriptors, Inputâź‹Output Lists and Derive Data Type
- Fortran Data Validation: Namelist, Example and Non-Advancing Iâź‹O
FORTRAN: Format-Directed Input and Output [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
FORTRAN: Subscripted Variables and DO Loops [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
FORTRAN: Arrays and Strings [6 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Strings
- C ++ String Class
- 2
- Operations on Objects of String Class
- Characteristics of String, Finding Strings, Comparing and Swapping of Strings
- 3
- Character and String Functions in C
- Reading String from the Terminal and Arithmetic Operations on Strings
FORTRAN: Fortran Subprogram [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
C++: Classes and Objects [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
C++: Inheritance, Virtual Functions, Polymorphism [7 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Inheritance
- Single Inheritance
- 2
- Multilevel, Multiple and Hierarchical Inheritance
- Benefits of Inheritance, Virtual Base Class and Constructions in Derived Classes
- 3
- Pointers to Objects
- Polymorphism
- 4
- Virtual Functions
C++: Streams and IO [10 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- C ++ I/O System Basics
- Predefined Standard Input/Output Streams
- 2
- Functions of < Istream > Class
- Functions of < Ostream > Class
- 3
- Managing Console I/O Operations
- Manipulators
- 4
- Working with Files
- Reading a Character to a File/Writing a Character from a File
- 5
- Reading and Writing Block of Data
- Random Access Files
C++: Exception Handling [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Exception Handling
- Throwing and Catching Exceptions
- 2
- Catch All Exceptions, Rethrowing, Specifying, Standard and Define New Exceptions
C++: Object Creation and Memory Management [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
C++: Overloading and Casting [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
C++: Templates [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Microwave Communications [68 Notes- 10% Effort]
Maxwell's Equations and Mathematical Background [7 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Co-Ordinate System
- Unit Vector and Line, Area, and Volume Element
- 2
- MaxwellŐšs Equation, Electric Force Field and Electromagnetic Properties of Media
- Laws of Electro-Magnetics from MaxwellŐšs Equations and Modified Form of Amperes Law
- 3
- Operators, Gradient, Divergence, and Curl
- Co-Ordinate Systems, Mathematical Theorems, Differential Equations Involving and Vector Identities
- 4
- TE Mode in Rectangular Waveguides: Theory, Field Components, and Practical Applications
Time Varying Fields [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Wave Equation and Its Solution [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Helmholtz Equation and Method of Separation of Variables
- Helmholtz, Wave, and Bessel Differential Equation
- 2
- Plane Waves, Equations, Propagation Constant and Boundary Conditions
- EM Waves
- 3
- Wave Equation
Wave Propagation Equations (And in Ionosphere) [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Plane Wave Propagation through a Good Conductor and Total Internal Reflection
- EM Waves in Metallic Film Coating and Propagation of Plane Waves in Free Space
- 2
- Ionosphere: Absorption, Critical Frequency, Skip Distance and Skip Zone - Microwave Communication and Wave Propagation
- Ionospheric Radio Wave Propagation for Effective Microwave Communication & Applications
Poynting Vector [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Antenna Parameters [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Half-Wave Antenna [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Dipole Antenna: Half Wave Dipole Antenna - Construction, Working, and Applications
- Dipole Antenna: Half Wave Dipole Antenna - Feed Impedance, Length, Advantages and Disadvantages
Transmission Lines [11 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- LCR Series Circuit, Relaxation Time, Lumped and Distributed Component Model and Transmission Line Equations
- Reflection and Transmission Line
- 2
- Standing Wave
- Microwave Transmission Lines
- 3
- Characteristics Impedance, Reflection and Transmission Co-Efficient and Transmission Line Equations
- Propagation Constant and Phase Velocity and Advantages of DC Lines
- 4
- Line Impedance and Admittance
- Hyperbolic Functions and Inter-Relational between Line Impedance, VSWR and Reflection Co-Efficient
- 5
- Experimental Determination of Propagation Constant and Characteristics and Normalized Impedance
- Input Impedance of a Transmission Line and Insertion Loss
- 6
- Quarter Wave Transformer and Characteristics Impedance
Characteristic of Impedance Matching [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Single Shunt Stub Matching
- Double Stub Matching
- 2
- Impedance Matching - Power Losses, Quarter Wave Transformer
- Smith Chart: Characteristics, Application, Reading Impedance
Smith Chart [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Microwave Components: T [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Microwave Passive Components: Coaxial Cables and Connectors
- Microwave Waveguide Junctions: H-Plane Tee, E-Plane Tee, E-H Plane Tee
- 2
- Hybrid Rings; Directional Couplers; Bends, Twists and Transition
- Attenuators and Terminators, Terminations, Iris and Screw Posts for Impedance Matching
- 3
- Probes and Loops, Faraday Rotation and Phase Shifters in Impedance Matching
Microwave Components: Magic - T [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Microwave Components: Tuner [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Microwave Components: Circulator Isolator [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Microwave Components: Direction Couplers [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Directional Couplers in Microwave Systems: Types, Advantages, Disadvantages & Applications
- Directional Couplers in Microwave Communication: Definition, Characteristics and Scattering Matrix
Sources-Reflex Klystron [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Principle of Operation of Magnetron [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Magnetrons in Microwave Communication: Operating Principle, Construction, Working in Presence and Absence of RF Field
- Magnetrons in Microwave Technology: Principles and Applications
Solid State Microwave Devices [9 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Crystal Detectors in Microwave Communication: Operation of Crystal or CatŐšs Whisker Detector
- Crystal Detectors: Square Law of Crystal Detectors, Different Crystal Types, Applications
- 2
- GaAsFET: Structure, Characteristics, Advantages, Applications
- Gunn Diodes: Basics, Construction, and Operation
- 3
- Gunn Diode: Characteristics, Applications, Modes of Operation, Advantages and Disadvantages
- Microwave Solid State Devices: IMPATT Diodes - Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
- 4
- Microwave Solid State Devices: Schottky, Gunn, Varactor, and PIN Diodes - Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
- PIN Diodes: Types and Characteristics
- 5
- PIN Diode: Structure, Working, Applications
Waveguides [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Waveguides and Microwave Frequency Bands
- Terminology in Waveguides and Standard Waveguide Dimensions
- 2
- Waveguides, Cavity Resonators and Antenna
- Numerical and Graphical Techniques
- 3
- TM Mode in Rectangular Waveguides: Theory, Cutoff Frequencies, and Practical Considerations
Antennas [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Electric Communications [36 Notes- 5% Effort]
Basic Principles of Amplitude, Frequency & Phase Modulation [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Amplitude Modulation: Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) & Sampling Techniques
- Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) : Graph, Digital PAM, Advantages, Disadvantage and Applications
- 2
- Frequency Modulation: Equations, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
- Phase Modulation: Single Tone, Sensitivity, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
Intermediate Frequency and Principle of Superheterodyne Receiver [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Intermediate Frequency & Frequency Used
- Intermediate Frequency- Intermediate Frequency Amplifier
- 2
- Superheterodyne Receiver Characteristics, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
Spectral Analysis and Signal Transmission through Linear Systems [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Random Signals and Noise [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Random Variable: Random Process, Gaussian Process
- Electrical Noise: Thermal Noise
- 2
- Electrical Noise: Shot Noise, White Noise
- Narrow Band Noise & Its Representation
Noise Temperature and Noise Figure [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Basic Concepts of Information Theory [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Information Theory: Shannon Weaver Model; Information Entropy
- Mutual Information, ShannonŐšs Source Coding Theorem & Lossless Coding Algorithm
- 2
- Huffman Coding: Greedy Algorithm for Construction, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications - Variable Length Coding Algorithm
Digital Modulation and Demodulation [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Modulation and Demodulation: Digital Modulation and Types
- Amplitude Shift Keying: Working, Types and Applications
- 2
- Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Demodulation: Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
- Phase Shift Keying (PSK) : BPSK - Principle, Expression and Modulation
- 3
- BPSK Demodulation: Advantages, Disadvantages
Time-Division Multiplexing [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) System
- Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing (STDM) and Asynchronous TDM
- 2
- Difference between Synchronous TDM and Asynchronous TDM, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
Frequency-Division Multiplexing [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM) : Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
- OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) : Concept, Data, Features, Variants, Advantages and Disadvantages
Data Communications-Circuits [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Data Communication and Data Representation
- Data Transmission Modes and Standard Organizations for Data Communications
Codes and Modems [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Basic Concepts of Signal Processing and Digital Filters [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Power Devices [36 Notes- 4% Effort]
SCR: Introduction, Types, and Characteristics [8 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- SCR: Symbol- Operation, Two Transistor Analogy of SCR
- SCR V-I Characteristics and Applications: Specification of SCRs- Forward Break over Voltage, Peak Inverse Voltage, Holding Current, Latching Current, Reverse Breakdown Voltage
- 2
- Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
- Thyristors
- 3
- Unidirectional Thyristors with Turn-Off Capability
- MOS-Controlled Thyristors (MCTs)
- 4
- Static Induction Thyristors (SITHs) and Bidirectional Control Thyristors
- Dynamic Turn on Switching Characteristics of SCR
Triac [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
UJT [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Triggering Circuits [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Firing Circuits of SCR: Resistance Firing Circuit
- Firing Circuits of SCR: RC Firing Circuit
- 2
- Firing Circuits of SCR: UJT Firing Circuit
Converters [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Single-Phase Converters in Power Devices: Types and Applications
- Three-Phase Converters in Electric Drives: Operation Modes and Characteristics
Choppers [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Understanding DC-DC Converters: Classification of Choppers - Step up Chopper
- Understanding DC-DC Converters: Classification of Choppers - Step down, Step up-Down
Inverters [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
AC-Regulators [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Understanding AC Regulators: Single Phase Controllers
- Three-Phase Controller, Three Phase Delta Connected AC Regulator
Speed Control of AC and DC Motors [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Speed Control of DC Shunt Motors and DC Series Motor; Ward-Leonard Method
- Speed Control of AC Motor and DC Motor
Speed Control of Stepper and Synchronous Motors [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Three Phase Controlled Rectifier [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Switch Mode Power Supply [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Uninterrupted Power Supply [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Protection of Thyristors Against over Voltage and over Current [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Snubber Circuit: Protection of Thyristors Against over Voltage and over Current
- SCR Protection and Triggering Circuits
- 2
- Gate Protection Circuits
SCR Triggering [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Diodes and Characteristics [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Optical Communication [19 Notes- 2% Effort]
Optical Sources - LED (Optoelectronic Basics) [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Optical Source - LED: Symbol, Circuit Operation of LED
- Optical Source - LED: Seven Segments LED
- 2
- Optoelectronics
- Optical Sources and Detectors
- 3
- Basics of Optoelectronics and Its Applications
Semiconductor Diode LASER [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Photodeteetors: PN Photodiode & LDR, Homo-Heterojunction Devices [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Photodeteetors: Phototransistors [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Optocouplers [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Optical Couplers
- Calculations on Couplers: Optocouplers
- 2
- Applications and Specifications of Optical Couplers
Optical Fibres-Light Propagation in Fibre [6 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Optical Fiber: Its Benefits
- Application of Optoelectronics
- 2
- Optical Fiber: Introduction, Structure and Propagation of Light
- Optical Fiber: Numerical Aperture, Pulse Broadening and Phase Front Analysis
- 3
- Optical Fiber
- Comparison of Optical Fibers
Fibre Optic Communication System-Coupling to and from the Fibre [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Bandwidth and Rise Time Budgets [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Instrumentation [109 Notes- 17% Effort]
Transducers: Resistance [7 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Piezoelectric Sensor Measuring System
- Applications of Piezoelectric Sensors
- 2
- Resistive Transducer: Circuit, Advantages and Disadvantages
- Resistive Transducer: Working, Applications, Types - Strain Gauge
- 3
- Types of Resistive Transducer: Potentiometer, Thermistor, Hygrometer
- Resistance Temperature Detectors, Temperature Transducers, Thermistor
- 4
- Strain Gauges: Wire, Foil Strain and Semiconductor Strain Gauge
Transducers: Inductance & Capacitance [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Inductive Transducer: Principle, Advantages, Disadvantages & Applications
- Inductive Transducer Working Principle - Self Inductance, Mutual Inductance & Eddy Current
- 2
- Capacitive Transducer: Principle, Advantages, Disadvantages & Applications
- Types of Capacitive Transducer: 4 Types
Transducers: Thermoelectric [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Thermoelectric Transducer- Thermistors: Concept, Applications, Advantages, Disadvantages
- Thermoelectric Transducer- Thermocouple: Concept, Applications, Advantages, Disadvantages
Transducers: Hall Effect [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Transducers: Photoelectric [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Photoelectric Sensor: Photo-Emissive Cell, Photoconductive Cells, Photovoltaic Cells
- Photoelectric Sensors: Types, Advantages & Disadvantages, Applications
Transducers: Tachogenerators [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Tachometers: Types and Classification
- Electrical Tachometer: DC Tachometer Generator
- 2
- Electrical Tachometer: AC Tachometer Generator, Photoelectric Tachometer
Measurement of Displacement [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Measurement of Displacement LVDT and RVDT
- Displacement Measurement: Resistance Potentiometers & Multiple-Resistor Devices
- 2
- Displacement Measurements: Unbounded Wire & Photoelectric Displacement Transducers
- Displacement Measurements: Microswitch Position Sensors & Full Field Displacement Measuring Methods
Measurement of Velocity [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Velocity Measurement: Linear and Angular Velocity Transducers
- Crack-Propagation Gages
- 2
- Intoduction to Speed: Speed Formula, Dimensional Formula and Types of Speed
- Measurement of Speed and Instruments
- 3
- Speedometer and Its Types (Odometer, Tachometer, Accelerometer)
Measurement of Acceleration [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Acceleration Measurement: Piezoelectric Accelerometer and Their Applications
- Acceleration Measurement: Piezoresistive Accelerometer and Their Applications
- 2
- Acceleration Measurement: Capacitive Accelerometer and Its Applications
- Acceleration Measurement:: Triaxial Accelerometer and Its Applications
Measurement of Force [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Force Measurement Using Load Cells: Link-Type and Beam-Type Force Measurements
- Force Measurement: Ring-Type, Shear-Web-Type, and Flat Type Load Cells
Measurement of Torque [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Measurement of Sound & Pressure [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Sound Measurement: Elements and Types of Microphones
- Sound Level Meters, Frequency Analyzers, Noise Dosimeters and Applications
- 2
- Pressure Transducers: Displacement and Diaphragm Type; Construction
- Diaphragm Pressure Gauge: Types, Advantages and Disadvantages
- 3
- Piezoelectric Transducer: Working Principle, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
Measurement of Temperature [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Temperature Measurement: Resistance Thermometer and Resistance Temperature Detector
- Thermistor: Construction, Working, Types, Advantages and Disadvantages
- 2
- Expansion Thermometers: Bimetal or Bi-Metallic Thermometers, Liquid-Filled Thermometers, Gas Thermometer, Thermocouple
- IC Temperature Sensors & Radiation Pyrometers
- 3
- Optical Pyrometer: Working, Advantages and Disadvantages
Measurement of Flow [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Measurement of Humidity [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Measurement of Thickness [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Measurement of pH [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- PH Value and Measurement: Circuit & Electrodes
- PH Measurement: Temperature Compensation, Device & Errors
- 2
- Applications of PH Measurement
Measuring Equipment-Measurement of R [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Measuring Equipment-Measurement of L and C [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Inductance Measurement: Capacitance - Measurement, Formula, Derivation
- LCR Meter: Working, Front Panel, Protection, Uses, Types
- 2
- LCR Meters: Advantages, Disadvantages, Application
Measuring Equipment: Bridge and Potentiometers [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Measuring Equipment:Voltage [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Dynamic and Static Voltmeters: Static Types - Analog and Digital
- Analog Recorders and Types - Graphic and Magnetic Tape Recorders
Measuring Equipment: Current [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Measuring Equipment: Power [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Electrodynamometer Wattmeter: Construction, Working, Theory and Errors
- Low Power Factor Electro-Dynamometer Type Wattmeters: Compensation, Advantages and Disadvantages
- 2
- Reactive Power Measurement: Single Phase, Polyphase & in Balanced 3-Phase Circuit
Measuring Equipment: Energy [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Energy Meter: Functions, Characteristics and Construction
- Energy Meter: Errors and Compensation; 3-Phase Electronic Energy Meter
Measuring Equipment: Frequency and Time [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Frequency Measurement: Digital Counter/Timer, Types of Frequency Counter & Advantages
- Phase-Locked Loop - Applications & Advantages
- 2
- Period Measurement through Frequency: Resolution, Time Interval Averaging
- Measure of Time Period, Ratio and Multiple Ratio Measurement:
Measuring Equipment: Phase [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Phase Measurement: Electronic Counter/Timer, X – Y Plotter: Construction & Working, Advantages and Disadvantages
- Oscilloscope and Phase-Sensitive Detector
Measuring Equipment: DVMs [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Digital Voltmeter (DVM) : Diagram and Working Principle
- Digital Voltmeter: Types Based on ADC Conversion Methods; Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
Measuring Equipment: DMMs [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Measuring Equipment: CRO [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Measuring Equipment: Digital Storage Oscilloscope [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Measuring Equipment: Logic Probes [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Oscilloscope Probes of Logic Probes: Principle, Component, Setup
- Logic Probe Measurements: Types and Applications
Measuring Equipment: Logic State Analyser [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Logic Analyzer: Working and Types
- Login Analyzers: Characteristics, Application, Advantages, Disadvantages
Measuring Equipment: Spectrum Analyzer [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Spectrum Analyzer: Need of Analyzers
- Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram & Working
- 2
- Spectrum Analyzer: Types, Working, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
Measuring Equipment: Recorder [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Measuring Equipment: Noise and Interference [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Noise Interference & Ways to Reduce Noise
- Electromagnetic Interference & Types
- 2
- Crosstalk: Examples, Terms and Crosstalk in IC Design
Instrumentation Amplifiers [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Instrumentation Amplifier: Instrumentation Amplifier Using Op-Amp & Features
- Instrumentation Amplifier: Advantages, Applications and Comparison
Radio Telemetry [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Radio Telemetry: Frequency Division, Overmodulation, Multipath Transmission
- Radio Telemetry: Comparative Analysis of Multiplexing - Frequency Division vs. Time Division, Recording, Instrumentation
- 2
- Signal Transmission with Slip Rings and Telemetry
Analytical Instruments: Spectrophotometers [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- UV-Visible Spectroscopy: Types of Electronic Transitions
- UV-Spectrophotometer: Components, Types, Absorption Law & Beer Lambert Law
Analytical Instruments: Electron Microscope [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Fundamentals of Electron Microscopy: SEM, TEM
- Fundamentals of Electron Microscopy: Electron Specimen Interactions, Contrast Formation and Imaging in TEM, CCD Camera
- 2
- Electron Microscopy: SEM Insights - Contrast Formation, Imaging, Artifacts
Analytical Instruments: X-Ray Diffractometer [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) : Working and Geometry
- X-Ray Diffractometer: Components, Detector & Beam Profile
Measurement (Basics) [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Physical Quantities & Supplementary Quantities
- Scalar and Vector Physical Quantities and Algebra of Vectors
- 2
- Scalar Product and Vector Product
- Concept of Co-Variance
- 3
- Contra-Variant
Biomedical Instruments: Blood Pressure Measurements [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Blood Pressure Indirect Measurement: Techniques, Cuff Design, and Korotkoff Sound Detection
- Blood Pressure Measurement Techniques: Oscillometric Method, Doppler Ultrasound, Instantaneous Arterial Pressure Monitoring
Biomedical Instruments: ECG [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Control System [10 Notes- 1% Effort]
Open - Loop and Close-Loop Control System [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Control System: Types, Open Loop Control System & Its Gain
- Open Loop Control System: Examples, Advantages, Disadvantages & Characteristics
- 2
- Closed-Loop Control System: Need, Feedback, Operation, Transfer Function, Examples