ISS (Statistical Services) Statistics Paper III: Questions 1 of 131

Appeared in Year: 2015

Describe in Detail Subjective▾

List the main components of a times series. Explain the method of link relative for measurement of seasonal fluctuations of a times series.

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Explanation

The main components of a times series are the following:

(i) Secular Trend (T) : Long term movements in the mean

This measures smooth and regular long-term movements of a times series delineating the increasing, decreasing or stagnant trend over a long span of time.

(ii) Seasonal Variation (S) : Cyclical fluctuations related to the calendar

Short-term fluctuations observed in a time series data, particularly in a specified period usually within a year. Seasonal variations are more akin to climatic and weather conditions.

(iii) Cyclical Variation (C) : Relates to periodic changes

A cycle consists of more than a year period. The cycles in a time series depict the prosperity and recession, ups and downs, booms and slumps of a business. A complete cycle usually consist four elements: prosperity, recession, depression and recovery.

(iv) Irregular Variation (I) : other random and systematic fluctuations

These variations usually occur due to epidemics, earthquakes, floods, war etc. Another name is residual variations.

Link-relative method: Various step for measuring seasonal fluctuations by link-relative

method are given below: Step-1. The link relative formula is

Calculation of link relatives eliminates the influence of the trend.

Step-2. Find the mean or median for each season whichever is considered appropriate.

Step-3. Convert link relatives into chain relatives. The formula for chain relative can be given as

where I varies over all periods.

Step-4. The chain relative for the first season is calculated on the basis of the last season by the formula

For the above two formula, the adjustment factor c is worked out by

The corrections for chain relatives for I, II, … periods are 0 × c, 1 × c, … etc. To add these quantities, we obtain the adjusted chain relatives.

Seasonal index by the link-relative method is

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