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We have 695 Notes in IES-ESE (Engineering Services) Electronics course arranged below by topic-subtopic. Topic-wise count & %effort is given in brackets. Green bars show topic progress as you mark the titles complete (Show me how).
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Basic Electronics Engineering [51 Notes- 6% Effort]
Diode and Transistor Basics and Characteristics [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- DC and Switching Characteristics
- Typical Switching Parameters of Diode
- 2
- Types of Power Diode
- Diode Circuit, Diode Behavior for Different Loads and Freewheeling Diode
Diodes for Different Uses [24 Notes- 3% Effort]
- 1
- Diode & Its Applications
- Zener Diode: Definition, Working Principle of Zener Diode, Zener Diode Circuit, V-I Characteristics of Zener Diode, Applications, Advantages, Disadvantages
- 2
- Tunnel Diode: Definition, Working Principle, V-I Characteristics of the Tunnel Diode, Advantages of Tunnel Diode, Disadvantages, Applications of Tunnel Diode
- SCR: Symbol- Operation, Two Transistor Analogy of SCR
- 3
- SCR V-I Characteristics and Applications: Specification of SCRs- Forward Break over Voltage, Peak Inverse Voltage, Holding Current, Latching Current, Reverse Breakdown Voltage
- TRIAC: Symbol, Different Modes of Operation, Characteristics of TRIAC, Applications
- 4
- UJT: Symbol - Construction, Operation of UJT, Characteristics of UJT, Applications
- Snubber Circuit: Protection of Thyristors Against over Voltage and over Current
- 5
- Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
- SCR Turn-On Methods
- 6
- SCR Turn-Off Methods
- SCR Protection and Triggering Circuits
- 7
- Gate Protection Circuits
- Thyristors
- 8
- Unidirectional Thyristors with Turn-Off Capability
- MOS-Controlled Thyristors (MCTs)
- 9
- Static Induction Thyristors (SITHs) and Bidirectional Control Thyristors
- Dynamic Turn on Switching Characteristics of SCR
- 10
- Firing Circuits of SCR: Resistance Firing Circuit
- Firing Circuits of SCR: RC Firing Circuit
- 11
- Firing Circuits of SCR: UJT Firing Circuit
- Fabrication of P-N Junction Diodes: Semiconductor Diodes
- 12
- Semiconductor Diodes “Forward and Reverse Biased Junctions” : Qualitative Description of Current Flow at a Junction
- Semiconductor Diodes “Forward and Reverse Biased Junctions” : Carrier Injection, Reverse Bias
Junction & Field Effect Transistors (BJTs, JFETs, MOSFETs) [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- FET (Field Effect Transistor) : Definition, Working Principle, Classification, Output Characteristics of JFET, Parameters of JFET
- MOSFET: FET (Field Effect Transistor) , MOSFET (Metal-Oxide Silicon Field Effect Transistor) - Construction of a MOSFET, Classification of MOSFETS, Characteristics of MOSFET
- 2
- Understanding the Concept of Junction FET
- Bipolar Junction Transistor: Overview, Transistor Configurations
- 3
- Current Amplification Factor Î’
Oscillators and Other Circuits [7 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Oscillators and Barkhausen Criterion: Types of Oscillators, Sinusoidal Oscillator Types- Condition for Oscillation, Voltage Gain Without Feedback, Voltage Gain with Feedback
- LC Oscillator: Operation, Tank Circuit, Transistorized Amplifier, Feedback
- 2
- Oscillators: Crystal Oscillator - Introduction Crystal Oscillator, Construction, Operation, Applications
- Function Generator: Operation, Waveform, Explanation, Applications
- 3
- Hartley Oscillator
- ColpittsŐšs Oscillator
- 4
- Phase Shift Oscillator (RC Oscillator)
Operational Amplifiers and Their Applications-Linear and Non-Linear [6 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Operational Amplifier Characteristics and Applications: Block Diagram of OP-AMPS, Characteristics of Ideal OP- AMP- Input, Output Stage, Intermediate Stage, Level Shifting Stage/Emitter Follower
- Operational Amplifier Characteristics and Applications: Simple Equivalent Circuit of OP- AMP, Applications of OP-AMP, Inverting Amplifier- Construction, Operation
- 2
- Operational Amplifier Characteristics and Applications: Summing Amplifier, Non- Inverting Amplifier
- Integrator: Operation, Frequency Response, Results, Wave Form, Applications
- 3
- Differentiator: Operation, Wave Form
- Schmitt Trigger
Optical Sources and Detectors [5 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- “Advancements and Applications of Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) ”
- Flexible Display Devices – Flexible OLED (Mechanism, Manufacturing, Structure)
- 2
- Flexible Display Devices – Flexible OLED (Applications, Advantages and Limitations)
- Crystal Clear: Unveiling the World of LCD Displays
- 3
- Crystal Clear: Unveiling the World of LCD Displays: Application of Liquid Crystals
Basic Electrical Engineering [9 Notes- 1% Effort]
Mesh and Nodal Analysis [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- KirchhoffŐšs Law
- Mesh Analysis: Procedure, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
- 2
- Nodal Analysis: Process and Sources
- Nodal Analysis; with Current Source and Properties
- 3
- Super Node: Properties and Application
Electrical Power Sources: Solar [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Materials Science [34 Notes- 6% Effort]
Electrical Engineering Materials [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Ceramic Materials: Structures [7 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Characteristics of MOS Transistors
- Characteristics of MOS Transistors, N-Channel MOS (NMOS) and P-Channel MOS (PMOS) , MOS Transistor Characteristics
- 2
- Threshold Voltage, Transconductance
- Drain Current, Output Characteristics
- 3
- XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) Nanomaterial and Nanostructure Properties
- TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy)
- 4
- SEM (Scanning Tunneling Microscopy) and EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy)
Nano Materials: Basics [7 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Carbon Nanotubes: Single Walled Nanotubes
- Carbon Nanotubes: Multi Walled Nanotubes
- 2
- Zno, SiC: Overview, Advantages of Wide-Band-Gap Materials in Bioelectronics, Fabrication Technique of WBG Materials for Wearable and Implantable Integrated Bioelectronics
- Zno, SiC: Applications and Future Perspective
- 3
- Graphene - Overview and Introduction
- Methods of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials (GBNMs) Synthesis
- 4
- Applications of Graphene-Based Materials
Nano-Optical, Magnetic, or Electronic Materials and Uses [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- MOS Technology and VLSI: VLSI Process, Twin-Well CMOS Process, Integrated Devices, MOSFETs
- MOS Technology and VLSI: Resistors, Capacitors, Pn Junction Diodes, BiCOMS Process
- 2
- MOS Technology and VLSI: Lateral Pnp Transistor, P-Base and Pinched-Base Resistors, SiGe BiCMOS Process
Semiconductors and Physics [16 Notes- 2% Effort]
- 1
- Energy Band: Introduction About Atomic Structure
- Energy Band: Definition: Energy Band
- 2
- “Understanding the Concept of Effective Mass in Solids”
- “Fermi Distribution Function and Carrier Concentration in Semiconductors” : Concentration of Electrons in the Conduction Band, Concentration of Holes in the Valence Band
- 3
- “Fermi Distribution Function and Carrier Concentration in Semiconductors” : Effective Density of States, Intrinsic Carrier Concentration, Density-Of-States Effective Mass
- Comprehensive Understanding of Semiconductors and Electronic Band Structure: Overview, Bonding Forces in Solids
- 4
- Comprehensive Understanding of Semiconductors and Electronic Band Structure: Energy Bands
- High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) : Advancements, Short Channel Effects, and Performance Considerations
- 5
- Carbon Nanotubes and One-Dimensional Quantum Wires: The Cornerstones of Advanced Nanoelectronics-Fabrication Techniques
- Carbon Nanotubes and One-Dimensional Quantum Wires: The Cornerstones of Advanced Nanoelectronics- Carbon-Based Nanotubes
- 6
- Advancements in Emission Wavelength Engineering: Applications of Quantum Wells in Semiconductor Lasers: Quantum Wells
- Advancements in Emission Wavelength Engineering: Applications of Quantum Wells in Semiconductor Lasers: Quantum Wells- Quantum Wells and Sub Bands, Energy Transitions and Emission in Quantum Wells
- 7
- “Zero-Dimensional Quantum Dots” : Nano Electronic Devices
- “Zero-Dimensional Quantum Dots” : Quantum Dots in Flash Memories
- 8
- Ohmic and Schottky Contacts
- Ohmic Contacts, Making Ohmic Contacts, Application of Schottky and Ohmic Contacts
Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation [109 Notes- 18% Effort]
Principles of Measurement [7 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Physical Quantities & Supplementary Quantities
- Scalar and Vector Physical Quantities and Algebra of Vectors
- 2
- Scalar Product and Vector Product
- Concept of Co-Variance
- 3
- Contra-Variant
- Hall Effect: Principle, Advantages, Disadvantages
- 4
- Application of Hall Effect Transducer
Analog and Digital Systems for Measurement [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Instrumentation Amplifier: Instrumentation Amplifier Using Op-Amp & Features
- Instrumentation Amplifier: Advantages, Applications and Comparison
Measuring Instruments for Different Applications [30 Notes- 5% Effort]
- 1
- Measuring Resistance: Earth Tester
- Measurement of Current: Ammeter and Shunts
- 2
- Digital Multimeter (DMM)
- Blood Pressure Indirect Measurement: Techniques, Cuff Design, and Korotkoff Sound Detection
- 3
- Blood Pressure Measurement Techniques: Oscillometric Method, Doppler Ultrasound, Instantaneous Arterial Pressure Monitoring
- ECG and Its Functioning: Electrical Conducting System of Heart
- 4
- ECG: Augmented Unipolar Limb Leads and ECG Electrodes
- Digital Voltmeter (DVM) : Diagram and Working Principle
- 5
- Digital Voltmeter: Types Based on ADC Conversion Methods; Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
- Energy Meter: Functions, Characteristics and Construction
- 6
- Energy Meter: Errors and Compensation; 3-Phase Electronic Energy Meter
- Frequency Measurement: Digital Counter/Timer, Types of Frequency Counter & Advantages
- 7
- Phase-Locked Loop - Applications & Advantages
- Wien Bridge: Advantages, Disadvantages & Applications
- 8
- Inductance Measurement: Capacitance - Measurement, Formula, Derivation
- LCR Meter: Working, Front Panel, Protection, Uses, Types
- 9
- LCR Meters: Advantages, Disadvantages, Application
- Logic Analyzer: Working and Types
- 10
- Login Analyzers: Characteristics, Application, Advantages, Disadvantages
- Oscilloscope Probes of Logic Probes: Principle, Component, Setup
- 11
- Logic Probe Measurements: Types and Applications
- Phase Measurement: Electronic Counter/Timer, X – Y Plotter: Construction & Working, Advantages and Disadvantages
- 12
- Oscilloscope and Phase-Sensitive Detector
- Electrodynamometer Wattmeter: Construction, Working, Theory and Errors
- 13
- Low Power Factor Electro-Dynamometer Type Wattmeters: Compensation, Advantages and Disadvantages
- Reactive Power Measurement: Single Phase, Polyphase & in Balanced 3-Phase Circuit
- 14
- Period Measurement through Frequency: Resolution, Time Interval Averaging
- Measure of Time Period, Ratio and Multiple Ratio Measurement:
- 15
- Dynamic and Static Voltmeters: Static Types - Analog and Digital
- Analog Recorders and Types - Graphic and Magnetic Tape Recorders
Errors [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Noise Interference & Ways to Reduce Noise
- Electromagnetic Interference & Types
- 2
- Crosstalk: Examples, Terms and Crosstalk in IC Design
Measurement Systems for Non-Electrical Quantities [60 Notes- 9% Effort]
- 1
- Measurement of Displacement LVDT and RVDT
- Measurement of Flow
- 2
- Measurement of Thickness
- Measurement of Humidity: Hygrometer
- 3
- Fundamentals of Electron Microscopy: SEM, TEM
- Fundamentals of Electron Microscopy: Electron Specimen Interactions, Contrast Formation and Imaging in TEM, CCD Camera
- 4
- Electron Microscopy: SEM Insights - Contrast Formation, Imaging, Artifacts
- UV-Visible Spectroscopy: Types of Electronic Transitions
- 5
- UV-Spectrophotometer: Components, Types, Absorption Law & Beer Lambert Law
- X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) : Working and Geometry
- 6
- X-Ray Diffractometer: Components, Detector & Beam Profile
- Inductive Transducer: Principle, Advantages, Disadvantages & Applications
- 7
- Inductive Transducer Working Principle - Self Inductance, Mutual Inductance & Eddy Current
- Capacitive Transducer: Principle, Advantages, Disadvantages & Applications
- 8
- Types of Capacitive Transducer: 4 Types
- Photoelectric Sensor: Photo-Emissive Cell, Photoconductive Cells, Photovoltaic Cells
- 9
- Photoelectric Sensors: Types, Advantages & Disadvantages, Applications
- Piezoelectric Sensor Measuring System
- 10
- Applications of Piezoelectric Sensors
- Thermoelectric Transducer- Thermistors: Concept, Applications, Advantages, Disadvantages
- 11
- Thermoelectric Transducer- Thermocouple: Concept, Applications, Advantages, Disadvantages
- Resistive Transducer: Circuit, Advantages and Disadvantages
- 12
- Resistive Transducer: Working, Applications, Types - Strain Gauge
- Types of Resistive Transducer: Potentiometer, Thermistor, Hygrometer
- 13
- Resistance Temperature Detectors, Temperature Transducers, Thermistor
- Acceleration Measurement: Piezoelectric Accelerometer and Their Applications
- 14
- Acceleration Measurement: Piezoresistive Accelerometer and Their Applications
- Acceleration Measurement: Capacitive Accelerometer and Its Applications
- 15
- Acceleration Measurement:: Triaxial Accelerometer and Its Applications
- Force Measurement Using Load Cells: Link-Type and Beam-Type Force Measurements
- 16
- Force Measurement: Ring-Type, Shear-Web-Type, and Flat Type Load Cells
- Displacement Measurement: Resistance Potentiometers & Multiple-Resistor Devices
- 17
- Displacement Measurements: Unbounded Wire & Photoelectric Displacement Transducers
- Displacement Measurements: Microswitch Position Sensors & Full Field Displacement Measuring Methods
- 18
- Tachometers: Types and Classification
- Electrical Tachometer: DC Tachometer Generator
- 19
- Electrical Tachometer: AC Tachometer Generator, Photoelectric Tachometer
- Velocity Measurement: Linear and Angular Velocity Transducers
- 20
- Crack-Propagation Gages
- PH Value and Measurement: Circuit & Electrodes
- 21
- PH Measurement: Temperature Compensation, Device & Errors
- Applications of PH Measurement
- 22
- Sound Measurement: Elements and Types of Microphones
- Sound Level Meters, Frequency Analyzers, Noise Dosimeters and Applications
- 23
- Pressure Transducers: Displacement and Diaphragm Type; Construction
- Diaphragm Pressure Gauge: Types, Advantages and Disadvantages
- 24
- Piezoelectric Transducer: Working Principle, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
- Spectrum Analyzer: Need of Analyzers
- 25
- Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram & Working
- Spectrum Analyzer: Types, Working, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
- 26
- Intoduction to Speed: Speed Formula, Dimensional Formula and Types of Speed
- Measurement of Speed and Instruments
- 27
- Speedometer and Its Types (Odometer, Tachometer, Accelerometer)
- Strain Gauges: Wire, Foil Strain and Semiconductor Strain Gauge
- 28
- Temperature Measurement: Resistance Thermometer and Resistance Temperature Detector
- Thermistor: Construction, Working, Types, Advantages and Disadvantages
- 29
- Expansion Thermometers: Bimetal or Bi-Metallic Thermometers, Liquid-Filled Thermometers, Gas Thermometer, Thermocouple
- IC Temperature Sensors & Radiation Pyrometers
- 30
- Optical Pyrometer: Working, Advantages and Disadvantages
- Torque Measurement (Torque Cells)
Basics of Telemetry [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Radio Telemetry: Frequency Division, Overmodulation, Multipath Transmission
- Radio Telemetry: Comparative Analysis of Multiplexing - Frequency Division vs. Time Division, Recording, Instrumentation
- 2
- Signal Transmission with Slip Rings and Telemetry
Different Types of Transducers and Displays [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Network Theory [43 Notes- 5% Effort]
Network Graphs & Matrices [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Network Graphs: Kirchhoff՚s Current Law (KCL) , Kirchhoff՚s Voltage Law (KVL) , Applications, Example, R – L – C Series Circuit
- Resonance in RLC Circuit; Parameters: Resonant Frequency
- 2
- Applications of R-L-C Series Circuits; Parallel Resonance Circuit Diagram - Quantities & Application
Linear Constant Coefficient Differential Equations: Time Domain Analysis of RLC Circuits [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Transient Analysis: Definition, Techniques and Principles
- Transient Analysis: Practical Applications, Examples, Principles and Concepts
Solution of Network Equations Using Laplace Transforms: Frequency Domain Analysis of RLC Circuits [17 Notes- 2% Effort]
- 1
- AC Circuit Analysis: Fundamental of AC Supply - Cycle, Time Period (T) , Frequency (F) , Instantaneous Voltage and Current, RMS Value, Average Value
- AC Circuit Analysis: Basic Circuit Operation with AC Supply, AC Circuit Operation- Simple R Circuit with AC, Simple L Circuit with AC Supply, Simple C Circuit with AC Supply, Series R and L Circuit, Series R and C Circuit, Series R, L and C Circuit
- 2
- AC Circuit Analysis: Parallel AC Circuits- Parallel R and L Circuit, Parallel R and C Circuit, Parallel R, L and C Circuit, Applications
- Field and Circuit Theory and Lumped Systems/Distributed System
- 3
- Network Theorems, Mathematical Modeling, and Analogous Physical Quantities
- Linear and Non-Linear Circuits, Electromagnetic Laws, Theorems, and Differential Equations
- 4
- Retarded Potentials and Radiation Resistance, Comparison between the Circuit Theory and Field Theory
- Field and Circuit Theory
- 5
- OhmŐšs Law
- Poles and Zeros of Network Functions, Pole Zero Diagram
- 6
- Time Domain Response from Pole Zero Plot: 8 Cases
- Methods of Signal Analysis: Time & Frequency Domain; Time Domain Specifications
- 7
- Methods of Signal Analysis: Frequency Domain Analysis; Time-Frequency Signal Analysis
- Linear Circuit Components: Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor
- 8
- Transient Response: Steps, RL, RC, RLC Circuits
- Frequency Domain: KCL in S-Domain, KVL in S-Domain
- 9
- Resonance Circuit: Series and Parallel; Time Frequency Domain Analysis
2-Port Network Parameters: Driving Point & Transfer Functions [10 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Two-Port Network Parameters: Two- Port Network Parameters- Admittance Parameters, Operation, Procedure, Impedance Parameters, Transmission Parameters, Hybrid Parameters
- Transfer Function: Two-Port Network Functions
- 2
- Transfer Function: Different Transfer Functions of the Two-Port Network- Transfer Impedance Functions, Transfer Admittance Functions, Voltage Transfer Function, Current Transfer Function
- NortonŐšs Theorem: Concept and Circuit Diagram
- 3
- NortonŐšs Theorem: Step-By-Step Procedure, Advantages and Limits
- Step by Step Application of NortonŐšs Theorem to Calculate IN and RN
- 4
- Maximum Power Transfer Theorem: Limitations, Applications, Proof, Conditions, Value & Efficiency
- Superposition Theorem Statement: Application, Steps, Limitations
- 5
- TheveninŐšs Theorem: Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
- TheveninŐšs Theorem Step-By-Step Procedure
State Equations for Networks [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Filter Terminology: Low Pass, High Pass, Band Pass and Band Stop Filter
- Image Impedance, Passive Filters & Types
- 2
- State Space Analysis, Design, Model - From Differential Equation and Design Function
Network Elements [8 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Network Impedance and PI and T Networks
- Impedance of a Transmission Line and L Shaped Reactive Networks
- 2
- Inductance and Capacitance
- Measurement of Voltage, Current and Resistance: OhmŐšs Law, Power and Energy
- 3
- Series and Parallel Connections of Resistors; Current Divider; Ladder Network and Circuit
- Resistor: Types and Important Equations; Inductor and Related Expressions
- 4
- Capacitor and Its Types & Expressions; Network and Terminologies
- Ideal and Practical Sources of Energy
Analog and Digital Circuits [108 Notes- 13% Effort]
Small Signal Equivalent Circuits of Diodes [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Diode Circuits for Different Uses [8 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Voltage Regulated ICŐšs and Regulated Power Supply: Regulated Power Supply, the Regulated Power Supply Are Categories of Two Types, Linear Shunt Transistor Voltage Regulator, Voltage Regulated ICs
- Voltage Regulaterd ICS and Regulated Power Supply: Types of Voltage Regulator ICs, Variable Voltage Regulator, Applications of Regulated Power Supply- Fixed Voltage Regulators, Operation, IC LM 317 Regulator, Construction and Operation
- 2
- Rectifier: Schematic Diagram of Rectifier, Single Phases Half Wave Rectifier Explanation Transformer, Types of Rectifiers, Circuit Diagram, Contraction, Operation
- Rectifier: Single Phase Full Wave Controlled Bridage Rectifier- Circuit Diagram, Operation
- 3
- Rectifier: Three Phase Full Wave Controlled Bridage Thyrister Rectifier- Circuit Diagram, Construction, Operation, Applications of Rectifiers
- Diode Rectifiers
- 4
- Half-Wave Rectifiers
- TLE: Bridge Rectifier with RLE Load
Biasing & Stability of BJT & JFET Amplifier Circuits [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Biasing of Transistor and JFET: BJT Biasing- Types of the Biasing Circuits, Collector to Base Bias, Self-Bias (Emitter Bias)
- Biasing of Transistor and JFET: JFET Biasing, Common Source Voltage Divider Biasing- Introduction, Circuit Diagram, Construction and Operation
Analysis and Design of Amplifier: Single and Multi: Stage [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Single Stage Amplifier: Transistor Amplifier Types- Q-POINT or Quiescent Point
- Single Stage Amplifier: Single Stage Amplifier- Introduction, a. C. Equivalent Circuit of the Single Stage Amplifer, D. C Equivalent Circuit of the Single Stage Amplifer, Construction and Operation
- 2
- Multi Stage Amplifier: Basic Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier - Circuit Diagram, Construction and Operation, Frequency Response
- Multi Stage Amplifier: Frequency Response Characteristics of Two Stage RC Coupled Amplfier, Classes of Amplifier - Lower Cutoff Frequency (FL) , Upper Cut -Off Frequency (FH) , Band Width (BW) , Classification of Amplifier Classes, Amplifier – Class B
Feedback & Uses [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Feedback in Amplifier: Types of Feedback, Types of Negative Feedback Based on the Circuit Configurations- Positive Feedback, Negative Feedback, Application of Negative Feedback
- Feedback in Amplifier: Connection Diagrams of Negative Feedback, General Theory of Negative Feedback. Voltage Series Feedback, Voltage Shunt Feedback, Current Series Feedback, Current Shunt Feedback, Voltage Series Feedback, Advantage of Negative Feed Back, Applications
Multipliers [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Wave Shaping [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
A to D and D to a Converters [6 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- A/D to D/A Converters: Digital to Analog Converter, Basic Concepts, Types of D/A Converters, Weighted Resistor (Summing Amplifier) D/A Converter
- A to D Converter: Analog to Digital Converter- Necessity, Sample and Hold Circuit, Types of A/D Converter, Successive Approximation A/D Converter- Construction, Operation
- 2
- DAC Introduction and Types
- Binary Weighted Method of DAC
- 3
- Types of A/D Converters, the Ultimate Guide, Introduction, Main Types of ADC Converters
- Sample and Hold Circuit Introduction, Performance Parameters
Boolean Algebra & Uses [11 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Boolean Algebra: Boolean Algebra, Postulates, Laws and Theorems of Boolean Algebra
- Boolean Algebra: Simplification of Boolean Expression, De MorgansŐšs Theorems- Points to Remember Regarding De MorganŐšs, Visualization of Signal Flow Using De MorganŐšs Theorem
- 2
- Boolean Algebra and Minimization Techniques
- Number System
- 3
- Number Base Inter-Conversions
- Binary Codes
- 4
- Boolean Algebra
- Laws of Boolean Algebra
- 5
- Simplification of Boolean Expressions
- Karnaugh Maps (Introduction, Minterms, Maxterms, POM, SOP, POS)
- 6
- Karnaugh Map (Application, Minimization, DonŐšt Care)
Logic Gates [7 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Gates
- Classification of Gates: Nor and NAND Gate
- 2
- Classification of Gates: EX-Or and EX-Nor Gate
- Realization of Gates: Universal Gates
- 3
- Logic Gates
- IEEE/ANSI Standard Symbols
- 4
- Pulse Operations of Gates and Applications of Logic Gates
Digital IC Families [8 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- What is Electronic Science – Its Branches
- Logic Families: Positive and Negative Logic, Types of Logic Families
- 2
- Characteristics of Logic Families
- Evolution of Logic Families
- 3
- TTL Families
- Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Logic Family
- 4
- Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL) Family
- Interfacing with MOS and ECL Devices
Combinatorial and Sequential Circuits [10 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Combinational Circuits
- Comparator
- 2
- Basics of Decoder
- Binary Decoders
- 3
- Special Decoders
- Applications of Decoders
- 4
- Hazards in Combinational Circuits
- Detection and Elimination of Hazards
- 5
- Simple Binary Encoders
- Basics of Encoders: Priority, Keyboard Encoder and Applications of Encoders
Basics of Multiplexers [6 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer: Multiplexer, De-Multiplexer- Logic Diagram, Construction, Operation
- Multiplexer and Demultiplexers
- 2
- Types of Multiplexer
- Multiplexer ICs and Cascading Multiplexer
- 3
- Applications of Multiplexers and Demultiplexers
- Demultiplexers ICs and Applications of Demultiplexers
Counters, Registers, Memories, and Microprocessors [21 Notes- 2% Effort]
- 1
- Arithmetic Circuits: Arithmetic and Logic Circuit, Half Adder - Construction & Operation
- Arithmetic Circuits: Full Adder, Half Subtractor, Full Subtractor
- 2
- Memories: Semiconductor Memories, Memory Basic Terms, Types of Semiconductor Memory- Memory Cell, Memory Word, Byte, Read Operation, Read Only Operation
- Memories: RAM (Random Access Memory) , Bipolar RAM Cell, ROM, and CCD Devices (Types of Random Access Memory, Construction & Operation, Types of ROM Memory, Operation)
- 3
- Counters - Ring Counter, Johnson Counter
- Ripple Counter
- 4
- Synchronous Counter: Synchronous up and down Counter
- Arithmetic Circuits
- 5
- Binary Subtractor
- Binary Multiplication
- 6
- Binary Division
- Fixed Point Arithmatic
- 7
- Floating-Point Representation
- Floating Point Arithmetic
- 8
- Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
- ALU ICs
- 9
- Ring and Johnson Counter, Shift Register ICs
- Programmable Logic Devices
- 10
- SPLDs (PROM, PLA, GAL, ASIC)
- Sequential Circuits: 4 Bit Counter
- 11
- Sequential Circuits: Asynchronous Counter
Sequential Circuits [16 Notes- 2% Effort]
- 1
- Flip-Flops
- Types of Flip-Flops: JK Flip-Flop and JKMS Flip-Flop
- 2
- Types of Flip-Flops: D Flip-Flop and T Flip-Flop
- Race Around Condition in JK Flip Flop
- 3
- Latches
- Latches: Active High and Low SR Latch
- 4
- Gated SR and D Latch
- Applications of Latches
- 5
- Flip – Flops
- Operating Characteristics of Flip-Flops
- 6
- Sequential Circuit Models
- Finite State Machine
- 7
- Behavior of Flip-Flops (SR, D, JK, T)
- Excitation Table and State Diagram
- 8
- Sequential Circuits: Octave Frequency Division in Counters
- Steps in Designing a Sequential Circuits
Communiation Circuits [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Analog and Digital Communication Systems [46 Notes- 7% Effort]
Random Signals [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Random Variable: Random Process, Gaussian Process
- Electrical Noise: Thermal Noise
- 2
- Electrical Noise: Shot Noise, White Noise
- Narrow Band Noise & Its Representation
Noise [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Information Theory [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Information Theory: Shannon Weaver Model; Information Entropy
- Mutual Information, ShannonŐšs Source Coding Theorem & Lossless Coding Algorithm
- 2
- Huffman Coding: Greedy Algorithm for Construction, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications - Variable Length Coding Algorithm
Systems: AM [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Amplitude Modulation: Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) & Sampling Techniques
- Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) : Graph, Digital PAM, Advantages, Disadvantage and Applications
- 2
- Frequency Modulation: Equations, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
- Phase Modulation: Single Tone, Sensitivity, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
Systems: FM [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Frequency to Voltage and Voltage to Frequency Converters: Voltage to Frequency Converter, Frequency to Voltage Converter- Introduction, Applications, Frequency to Voltage Converter
- Phase Locked Loops (PLL) : Basics
- 2
- PLL: Phase Detectors
AM & FM: CW Transmitters and Receivers [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Intermediate Frequency & Frequency Used
- Intermediate Frequency- Intermediate Frequency Amplifier
- 2
- Superheterodyne Receiver Characteristics, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
Multiplexing: Digital Modulation [8 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Modulation and Demodulation: Digital Modulation and Types
- Amplitude Shift Keying: Working, Types and Applications
- 2
- Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Demodulation: Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
- Phase Shift Keying (PSK) : BPSK - Principle, Expression and Modulation
- 3
- BPSK Demodulation: Advantages, Disadvantages
- Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) System
- 4
- Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing (STDM) and Asynchronous TDM
- Difference between Synchronous TDM and Asynchronous TDM, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
Multiplexing: FSK [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM) : Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
- OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) : Concept, Data, Features, Variants, Advantages and Disadvantages
Optical Communication: Basics [10 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Optical Source - LED: Symbol, Circuit Operation of LED
- Optical Source - LED: Seven Segments LED
- 2
- Photo Transistor
- Semiconductor Diode Laser
- 3
- Optoelectronics
- Optical Couplers
- 4
- Calculations on Couplers: Optocouplers
- Applications and Specifications of Optical Couplers
- 5
- Optical Sources and Detectors
- Basics of Optoelectronics and Its Applications
Optical Communication: Fibre Optics [6 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Optical Fiber: Its Benefits
- Application of Optoelectronics
- 2
- Optical Fiber: Introduction, Structure and Propagation of Light
- Optical Fiber: Numerical Aperture, Pulse Broadening and Phase Front Analysis
- 3
- Optical Fiber
- Comparison of Optical Fibers
Optical Communication: Theory [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Optical Communication: Practice and Standards [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Control Systems [23 Notes- 2% Effort]
Transforms & Their Applications [11 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Fourier Series: Fourier Series Representation of Continuous Time Periodic Signals, CTFT
- Application of Fourier Series
- 2
- Laplace Transform: Laplace Transform of Standard Functions
- Properties of Laplace Transform; Initial and Final Value Theorem
- 3
- Inverse Laplace Transform; Convolution Theorem
- Circuit Analysis Using Laplace Transform: Resistive, Inductive, Capacitive; DC Response of RC Circuit
- 4
- DC Response of Series RL & RLC Circuit; Sinusoidal Response in RC and RL Circuit
- Z-Transform & Region of Convergence
- 5
- Z-Transforms Properties, Initial and Final Value Theorems, Causality and Stability
- Solving Difference Equations by Z-Transform: Natural and Forced Response; Inverse Z-Transform
- 6
- Methods to Find the Inverse Z-Transform: Residue Method
Nyquist and Bode Plots [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Bode Plot: Need, Magnitude, Phase Angle and Factors, System Gain, Poles and Zeroes
- Bode Plot Construction with Example
Feedback Systems: Open & Close Loop Types [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Control System: Types, Open Loop Control System & Its Gain
- Open Loop Control System: Examples, Advantages, Disadvantages & Characteristics
- 2
- Closed-Loop Control System: Need, Feedback, Operation, Transfer Function, Examples
Design of Control Systems [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
PID and Industrial Controllers [6 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Computer Organization and Architecture [7 Notes- 1% Effort]
Electro Magnetics [59 Notes- 9% Effort]
Maxwell's Equations: Basic Concepts [7 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Co-Ordinate System
- Unit Vector and Line, Area, and Volume Element
- 2
- MaxwellŐšs Equation, Electric Force Field and Electromagnetic Properties of Media
- Laws of Electro-Magnetics from MaxwellŐšs Equations and Modified Form of Amperes Law
- 3
- Operators, Gradient, Divergence, and Curl
- Co-Ordinate Systems, Mathematical Theorems, Differential Equations Involving and Vector Identities
- 4
- TE Mode in Rectangular Waveguides: Theory, Field Components, and Practical Applications
Wave Propagation through Different Media [21 Notes- 3% Effort]
- 1
- Helmholtz Equation and Method of Separation of Variables
- Helmholtz, Wave, and Bessel Differential Equation
- 2
- Plane Waves, Equations, Propagation Constant and Boundary Conditions
- EM Waves
- 3
- Plane Wave Propagation through a Good Conductor and Total Internal Reflection
- EM Waves in Metallic Film Coating and Propagation of Plane Waves in Free Space
- 4
- Wave Equation
- Microwave Circulators: Types
- 5
- Microwave Circulators: Circulator and Isolator
- Directional Couplers in Microwave Systems: Types, Advantages, Disadvantages & Applications
- 6
- Directional Couplers in Microwave Communication: Definition, Characteristics and Scattering Matrix
- Magic Tee: Advantages, Disadvantages, and Applications
- 7
- Microwave Passive Components: Coaxial Cables and Connectors
- Microwave Waveguide Junctions: H-Plane Tee, E-Plane Tee, E-H Plane Tee
- 8
- Hybrid Rings; Directional Couplers; Bends, Twists and Transition
- Attenuators and Terminators, Terminations, Iris and Screw Posts for Impedance Matching
- 9
- Probes and Loops, Faraday Rotation and Phase Shifters in Impedance Matching
- Ionosphere: Absorption, Critical Frequency, Skip Distance and Skip Zone - Microwave Communication and Wave Propagation
- 10
- Ionospheric Radio Wave Propagation for Effective Microwave Communication & Applications
- Time-Varying Fields: Transformer & Motional EMF, Displacement Current and MaxwellŐšs Equation
- 11
- Impedance Tuning: Types and Applications
Transmission Lines: Different Types [11 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- LCR Series Circuit, Relaxation Time, Lumped and Distributed Component Model and Transmission Line Equations
- Reflection and Transmission Line
- 2
- Standing Wave
- Microwave Transmission Lines
- 3
- Characteristics Impedance, Reflection and Transmission Co-Efficient and Transmission Line Equations
- Propagation Constant and Phase Velocity and Advantages of DC Lines
- 4
- Line Impedance and Admittance
- Hyperbolic Functions and Inter-Relational between Line Impedance, VSWR and Reflection Co-Efficient
- 5
- Experimental Determination of Propagation Constant and Characteristics and Normalized Impedance
- Input Impedance of a Transmission Line and Insertion Loss
- 6
- Quarter Wave Transformer and Characteristics Impedance
Transmission Lines: Smith's Chart [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Transmission Lines: Impedance Matching and Transformation [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Single Shunt Stub Matching
- Double Stub Matching
- 2
- Impedance Matching - Power Losses, Quarter Wave Transformer
- Smith Chart: Characteristics, Application, Reading Impedance
Pulse Excitation: Uses [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Magnetrons in Microwave Communication: Operating Principle, Construction, Working in Presence and Absence of RF Field
- Magnetrons in Microwave Technology: Principles and Applications
- 2
- Reflex Klystron: Construction, Working Principle, Applications, Advantages and Disadvantages
Waveguides: Basics [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Waveguides and Microwave Frequency Bands
- Terminology in Waveguides and Standard Waveguide Dimensions
- 2
- Waveguides, Cavity Resonators and Antenna
- Numerical and Graphical Techniques
- 3
- TM Mode in Rectangular Waveguides: Theory, Cutoff Frequencies, and Practical Considerations
Antennas: Radiation Pattern [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Network Theorems for Antenna and Magnetic Circuits
- PoyntingŐšs Vector Theorem and Polarization of Electro-Magnetic Waves
- 2
- Essential Antenna Parameters in Microwave Communication Systems
Antennas: Monopoles and Dipoles [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Advanced Electronics Topics [44 Notes- 8% Effort]
VLSI Technology: Basics [9 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Structure of Charge - Couple Device - MOS Capacitor, CCD Pixel, Advantages of Buried Channel Capacitor for CCDs
- Pixel Technology, Dark Current, Enhancements
- 2
- Signal Processing, Methods of Correlated Double Sampling
- Charge Storage and Transfer
- 3
- Charge Transfer Process
- NMOS and CMOS Inverters: Methodology
- 4
- NMOS and CMOS Inverters (Performance Analysis) -D Flip Flop Circuit and Leakage Power Analysis, Full Adder Circuit, Modeling and Analysis
- Scaling of MOS Devices, MOSFET Scaling - Constant Field Scaling
- 5
- MOSFET Scaling - Constant Voltage Scaling
VLSI Technology: Processing [12 Notes- 2% Effort]
- 1
- Understanding the Concept of Epitaxial Growth
- “Plasma-Based Etching in IC Processing: Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) ”
- 2
- Crystal Growth and Techniques - Czochralski Growth
- Crystal Growth and Techniques – Float Zone Crystal Growth
- 3
- Thin Film Deposition
- Thin Film Deposition - Chemical Deposition
- 4
- Thin Film Deposition - Physical Deposition
- Metallization: Enabling Electrical Interconnects and Signal Routing in Integrated Circuits
- 5
- Oxidation Process: Silicon Dioxide – Applications, Advantages, Measurements and Modifications
- Dry Oxidation vs. Wet Oxidation, Optical Properties of Silicon Dioxide, and Visual Appearance of Processed Wafers
- 6
- Integrated Circuits Incorporating Thin-Film Active and Passive Elements
- Performance Characteristics of the Insulated -Gate Thin-Film Transistor, Application of Thin-Film Integrated Circuits to Image-Scanning Devices
VLSI Technology: Lithography [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- “Lithography: Precision Pattern Transfer for Semiconductor Manufacturing” : Lithography in Semiconductor Manufacturing
- “Lithography: Precision Pattern Transfer for Semiconductor Manufacturing” : Photolithography Steps, Masking and Etching
VLSI Technology: Interconnects [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- “Comparison of Isolation Techniques: LOCOS vs. Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) ” : Isolation Techniques, Local Oxidation of Silicon
- “Comparison of Isolation Techniques: LOCOS vs. Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) ” : Shallow Trench Isolation, Differences between LOCOS and STI
VLSI Technology: Packaging [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
VLSI Design: Basics [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
VLSI Design: Principles [10 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Digital vs. Analog Systems
- Digital Hardware (ICs and PLDs)
- 2
- General Product Life Cycle and Design of Digital System
- Conventional Digital Design Approach and Need of VLSI Design
- 3
- Gajaski-Kuhn Chart (Y-Chart)
- Development Tasks
- 4
- Digital System Design
- Foundational Guidelines - Layout Design Rules for Optimal Circuit Implementation
- 5
- Design Rules and Layout: Lamba-Based Design Rules
- “stick Diagrams: Visualizing Chip Layouts with Colorful Abstractions” : NMOS Encoding
Digital Filters: Basics [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Digital Filtering & Types
- FIR Filters: Design, Structure, Response, Advantages & Disadvantages
- 2
- IIR Filters: Concept, Advantages & Disadvantages
- Signal Processing: Aâź‹D Converter, DAC
- 3
- Application of Signal Processing
Microprocessors & Microcontrollers: Interrupts [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Advanced Communication Topics [9 Notes- 1% Effort]
Microwave & Satellite Communication [9 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Crystal Detectors in Microwave Communication: Operation of Crystal or CatŐšs Whisker Detector
- Crystal Detectors: Square Law of Crystal Detectors, Different Crystal Types, Applications
- 2
- GaAsFET: Structure, Characteristics, Advantages, Applications
- Gunn Diodes: Basics, Construction, and Operation
- 3
- Gunn Diode: Characteristics, Applications, Modes of Operation, Advantages and Disadvantages
- Microwave Solid State Devices: IMPATT Diodes - Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
- 4
- Microwave Solid State Devices: Schottky, Gunn, Varactor, and PIN Diodes - Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
- PIN Diodes: Types and Characteristics
- 5
- PIN Diode: Structure, Working, Applications
Electronic Devices [10 Notes- 1% Effort]
Carriers in Semiconductors [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Introduction to Optoelectronics, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Light Sources, Photo Detectors, Optical Fiber Communication, Application of Optoelectronics
- Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductor
- 2
- CoulombŐšs Law
PN Junction Diode [6 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- P N-Junction: Introduction About the Semiconductors, Definition: P N-Junction
- Diode Equation and Diode Equivalent Circuit: Definition: Diode, Symbol of Diode, Construction of Diode
- 2
- Diode Equation and Diode Equivalent Circuit: Working Operation of Diode- Forward Bias Operation, Reverse Bias Operation
- P N Junction Diode: Definition, Construction, Working Principle, V-I Characteristics, Advantages, Disadvantages
- 3
- Diode Equation and Diode Equivalent Circuit: Diode Equation or Diode Law, Diode Equivalent Circuit
- Diode Equation and Diode Equivalent Circuit: Definition, Diode Equation, Diode Equivalent Circuit- Ideal Diode Equation, Non-Ideal Equation, Ideal Diode Model, Simplified Model, Piece-Wise Linear Model
Junction Breakdown [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Signals and Systems [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Discrete Time Signals and Systems [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Programming Languages [141 Notes- 16% Effort]
Elements of Programming Languages [141 Notes- 16% Effort]
- 1
- Information Technology Management
- Object-Oriented Methodology
- 2
- Basic Concepts of Object-Oriented Programming
- Benefits of OOP, Object Oriented Languages and Application of OOP
- 3
- C ++ Programming
- Variables and Namespaces
- 4
- Default Arguments and Inline Functions
- C ++ Program Structure
- 5
- Data Members and Main C ++ Program Function
- Input and Output Operators
- 6
- Data Types
- Structure of Data Types
- 7
- Symbolic Constants and Type Compatibility
- Operators and Expressions
- 8
- Member Dereferencing Operators
- Memory Management Operators
- 9
- Expressions and Their Types
- Operator Precedence
- 10
- Arrays
- Passing an Array to a Function
- 11
- Returning an Array from a Function and Array of Objects
- Strings
- 12
- C ++ String Class
- Operations on Objects of String Class
- 13
- Characteristics of String, Finding Strings, Comparing and Swapping of Strings
- Functions
- 14
- User-Defined Functions
- Call by Value and Reference, Const Arguments, Recursion
- 15
- Classes and Objects
- Defining Member Functions and Making an Outside Function Inline
- 16
- Memory Allocation, Arrays and Returning Objects
- Control Flow
- 17
- Decision-Making Statements (if, if. . else, Switch)
- Iteration Statements (for, While, Do … While)
- 18
- Jump Statements: Break, Continue, Exit () Function and Unconditional Branching Statement (Goto)
- Friend Functions
- 19
- Constructor and Destructor
- Dynamic Initialization of Objects and Destructors
- 20
- Operator Overloading and Type Conversion
- Overloading Unary Operators
- 21
- Overloading Binary Operators
- Type Conversions
- 22
- Inheritance
- Single Inheritance
- 23
- Multilevel, Multiple and Hierarchical Inheritance
- Benefits of Inheritance, Virtual Base Class and Constructions in Derived Classes
- 24
- Pointers to Objects
- Polymorphism
- 25
- Virtual Functions
- C ++ I/O System Basics
- 26
- Predefined Standard Input/Output Streams
- Functions of < Istream > Class
- 27
- Functions of < Ostream > Class
- Managing Console I/O Operations
- 28
- Manipulators
- Working with Files
- 29
- Reading a Character to a File/Writing a Character from a File
- Reading and Writing Block of Data
- 30
- Random Access Files
- Exception Handling
- 31
- Throwing and Catching Exceptions
- Catch All Exceptions, Rethrowing, Specifying, Standard and Define New Exceptions
- 32
- Templates
- Standard Template Library
- 33
- Fundamentals of Computer Programming
- Introduction to C Language
- 34
- Structure of C Program, Problem-Solving Process, the Algorithm and Flow Charts
- Character and String Functions in C
- 35
- Reading String from the Terminal and Arithmetic Operations on Strings
- Structures in C
- 36
- Structure Initialization, Accessing Structure Members and Uses of Structure
- Character Set of C and C Tokens
- 37
- Data Types: Basic Data Type, Enumerated Type, the Void Type, Derived Type
- Decision Making
- 38
- The Switch-Case
- Forming Loops
- 39
- Loop Interruption
- Union and Enum
- 40
- Array in C
- Operators and Their Precedence
- 41
- Introduction of Data in C, Variable, Constant, Names/Identifiers, List of Reserved Word in C, Declaring Variables
- Introduction of High-Level Programming Language, Low-Level Languages, High-Level Languages, Where C Language Stands, Historical Development of C Language
- 42
- Operators and Its Precedence, Arithmetic Operators, Increment and Decrement Operator, Relational Operators, Logical Operators, Bit-Wise Operators
- Storage Classes in C, Auto Storage Class, Static Storage Class, Register Storage Class, Extern Storage Class
- 43
- Various Data Types in C, Simple Data Types, Enumerated Data Type, the Void Data Type
- Programming of 8085
- 44
- Pointer: Introduction, Declaration, Initialization and Its Advantages and Disadvantages
- Complex Pointers: Passing Pointers to Functions, Accessing Pointers, Wild and Void Pointers
- 45
- Arrays: Array Declarators, Adjustable and Assumed Size Array
- Arrays in Fortran, Arrays in Sections and Dynamic Memory Allocation
- 46
- Array Intrinsic Functions and Element-Wise Operations on Arrays
- Programs: Concept and Examples
- 47
- Writing Programs: Procedure, Code & Verification
- Character Handling: Concept and Classification of Characters
- 48
- Character Handling: Case Conversion and Character Class Determination for Wide Characters
- Character Handling: Mapping of Wide Characters
- 49
- Command Line Argument and Example
- Parsing C Command-Line Arguments, Working, Properties and Advantages
- 50
- Fortran Data Types: Integer Types and Categories
- Fortran Data Types: 5 Intrinsic Data Types - Real, Complex, Logical, Character, Implicit and Double Precision
- 51
- Fortran Data Validation: Simple Input and Output
- Fortran Data Validation: Default Formatting, Formated Iâź‹O
- 52
- Fortran Data Validation: Edit Descriptors, Inputâź‹Output Lists and Derive Data Type
- Fortran Data Validation: Namelist, Example and Non-Advancing Iâź‹O
- 53
- Drawing Various Objects on Screen: Drawing a Rectangle
- Drawing Various Objects on Screen: Drawing a Graph and a Circle
- 54
- Dynamic Data Structure: Uses, Dynamic vs. Static Data Structure
- Dynamic Data Structure: Linked List - Example, Advantages
- 55
- File Handling in C: What is File in C, Need and Types of File in C
- File Handling in C: Functions, Description of Function and Operations
- 56
- File Handling in C: File Opening Modes in C, Opening Modes - Description and Example
- File Handling in C: Example to Create a File in C and FunctionDescription
- 57
- File Handling in C: Examples of File Handing in C
- FORTRAN Language: History, Basics, and Program Structure
- 58
- FORTRAN Language: Defining Variables, Displaying Messages and Values, and Characteristics
- Graphics – Video Modes in C: Graphics. H in C and Graphics Mode Initialisation
- 59
- Graphics – Video Modes in C: Graphics Mode Functions, Graphic Program to Draw a Line
- Graphics – Video Modes in C: Colors in C Graphics Programming and Graph Error Handling
- 60
- Graphics – Video Modes in C: Texture and Filling, Text Display and Basic Shapes
- If Statement: General Form, Logical if
- 61
- If Statement: Block if, if-Then-Else
- If Statement: If-Then-Else if Structure and Nested if Statement
- 62
- Fortran – Intrinsic Functions: Numeric and Mathematical Functions
- Fortran – Intrinsic Functions: Numeric Inquiry, Floating Point Manipulation, Bit Manipulation, Character, Kind and Logical
- 63
- Pointer to Function: Syntax and Example
- Pointer to Function: Example and Advantages
- 64
- Pointer to Structures: Structure in C and Accessing Structure Using Pointer
- Pointer to Structures: Accessing Structure Member Using Pointer and to Get Memory Heap
- 65
- Pointer to Structures: Memory Representation, when to Use Pointer to Structure in C and Its Real Time Example
- Pointer to Structures: Complex Data Structures Example Using Pointer to Structure in C and Its Explanation
- 66
- Basic Embedded C Programs: Methods of Data Acquisition, Serial vs Parallel
- Basic Embedded C Programs: Serial Communication and Registers
- 67
- Basic Embedded C Programs: Parallel Port and Examples
- FORTRAN: Format Statements and Common Format Codes
- 68
- FORTRAN: Format Strings in Readâź‹Write Statements
- FORTRAN: Statement Function
- 69
- Subprograms in FORTRAN: Functions
- Subprograms in FORTRAN: Subroutines; Call by Reference
- 70
- Subscript: Introduction, Array, DO Loop, Block DO Loop
- Video Adapters: Video Card, and Components of Video Card or Graphic Card
- 71
- Video Adapters: Types of Graphic Cards, Standards and History, Working and Video Card Ports