Sociology as Science-Non-Positivist Methodologies [IAS (Admin.) Mains Sociology]: Questions 1 - 9 of 14

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Question 1

Describe in Detail Subjective▾

Discuss how various theoretical perspectives in sociology have in their own way broadened and enriched the understanding and explanation of society, ever since the inception of sociology. (Paper-2)

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Explanation

Sociology

  • Sociology stared with functionalist perspective and has matured to become a full-fledged discipline today.
  • Every perspective adds new dimensions and enriched our understanding of society.
  • Though none of the perspectives is sufficient in itself but all of them together help us to understand the complex nature of social reality.

Various Perspec…

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Question 2

Appeared in Year: 2018

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Is the theory of cultural lag valid in present times? Discuss. (Paper-1)

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Explanation

Theory of Cultural Lag

  • Yes, Cultural lag is present in society, the term cultural lag refers to the “notion that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, and that social problems and conflicts are caused by this lag” .
  • Ogburn believed that material and non-material cultures change in different ways. Change in material culture ha…

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Question 3

Appeared in Year: 2017

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Examine ethnomethodologically and phenomenological perspective as critique of positivism.

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Explanation

Ethnomethodologically and Phenomenological Perspective

  • Positivism is an approach of studying sociology as a discipline which aims at employing principles similar to those in natural sciences.
  • Comte further concretized the conception of a positivist discipline as ′ true knowledge is based upon thinking about physical and social world as causal relatio…

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Question 4

Appeared in Year: 2012

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Write short notes on the following, keeping sociological perspective in view (Each short note in bout 150 words each) : Interpretative sociology

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Explanation

Interpretative Sociology

  • It is an umbrella term for various streams like Phenomenology, Ethnomethodology, and symbolic interactionism and so on.
  • This approach was used for the first time by Max Weber in his book Methods of Social Science. Weber was highly influenced by idealists like Rickert and Dilthey. According to this approach, the task of sociol…

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Question 5

Appeared in Year: 2018

Describe in Detail Subjective▾

Phenomenology

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Explanation

Phenomenology

  • Phenomenology is closely related to the idealism, school of that that gives primacy to mental constructs than the material reality. Edmund Husserl was one of the founders of theory of Phenomenology. According to him, social reality is to be understood in terms of the hidden meanings behind actions which at times are not quantifiable no…

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Question 6

Appeared in Year: 2018

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Is non-positivistic methodology scientific? Illustrate. (Paper-1)

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Explanation

Non-Positivistic Methodology

  • When it was realized by scholars that sociological issues cannot be addressed using fixed laws only, they turned from positivism to non-positivism. While positivist methodologies saw society as given and man as mere part of it governed by its rules. Non-positivists on the other hand considered man as independent thinking…

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Question 7

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Critical ethnography (Paper-2)

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Explanation

Ethnography

  • Ethnography is described by Geoff Payne and Judy Payne as the production of highly detailed accounts of how people in a social setting lead their lives based upon systematic and long term observation of, and conversation with, informants. ″
  • It can take various forms and is used by sociologists of different types. It is widely used by symb…

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Question 8

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Phenomenology (Marks-10)

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Explanation

Phenomenology

  • Phenomenology is a perspective primarily belongs to philosophy which was introduced by Edmund Husserl. In philosophy, the aim of phenomenology is to study human phenomenology without considering questions of their causes, their object reality or their appearances.
  • Phenomenology believes in experience or cognition. Phenomenology seeks to…

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Question 9

Appeared in Year: 2019

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Give a brief evaluation of ‘Critical ethnography’ .

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Explanation

Critical Ethnography

  • Critical ethnography is a relatively recent development in social science research methodology. Situated within the broad ethnographic tradition, it reflects many of the characteristics of conventional ethnography. It applies a critical theory based approach to ethnography.
  • Critical ethnography is influenced from both anthropolog…

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