History and Problems of Philosophy [IAS (Admin.) Mains Philosophy]: Questions 1 - 10 of 267

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Question 1

Describe in Detail Subjective▾

Explain the theory of evolution according to Samkhya philosophy.

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Explanation

Samkhya Philosophy and the Theory of Evolution

  • Samkhya philosophy is famous for its theory of evolution. Samkhya believes in two ultimate realities i.e.. Purusa and Prakriti. Purusa is purely conscious, non-material and constant principle whereas Prakriti is non-intelligent, material and inert but ever changing principle.
  • Prakrit is the fundamental s…

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Question 2

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Give brief description of nyaya theory of causation.

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Question 3

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What are the main ethical concepts in Hindu tradition?

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Explanation

Doctrine of Karma

The doctrine of Karma states that whatever a man suffers or enjoys is the fruit of his own deed, a harvest sprung from his own actions, good or bad committed in his previous life.

Karma is of Four Categories

Sanchita Karma

This means the accumulated past actions.

Prarabdha Karma

  • This means the part of Sanchita Karma, this results in the…

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Question 4

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Explain Ashtanga Yoga.

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Explanation

Ashtanga Yoga

  • Yoga system of Patanjali is a complement of Samkhya. Yoga philosophy accepts Samkhya metaphysics. It also believes in two ultimate realities i.e.. Purusa and Prakriti. That is why, in yoga philosophy too, the final goal of human life is to attain proper discrimination between Purusa and Prakriti.
  • Yoga is the practical path of realizatio…

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Question 5

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Briefly describe the four Nobel truths of Buddhism.

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Question 6

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Write short answers to the following in about 150 words each: What does Plato want to prove by his ‘Allegory of cave’ ?

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Explanation

Plato՚s Allegory of Cave

Plato՚s Allegory of Cave
  • Plato՚s allegory of cave is a fine example of rich symbolism.
  • By his allegory of cave Plato gives a beautiful description of a situation in which a person first lives in the phenomenal world thinking it to be ultimate reality but then comes to know about a higher reality of which the current reality is…

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Question 7

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What is wrong according to the Carvakas with the following argument?

All men are mortal.

Socrates is a man.

Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

Justify your answer with arguments.

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Explanation

Carvaka Knowledge

  • According to Carvaka knowledge is generally divided into two classes, viz, apprehension (Anubhav) and recollection (smarana) . Apprehension is again divided into two classes, namely, perception and assumption (Kalpana) . Perception is knowledge acquired by the five sense organs – visual, gustatory, olfactory, cutaneous and auditory…

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Question 8

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Explain the logical consequences of metaphysical absolutism of Advaitism.

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Explanation

Adivaitism

  • For classical Advaita Vedanta, Brahman is the fundamental reality underlying all objects and experiences. Brahman is explained as pure existence, pure consciousness and pure bliss. All forms of existence presuppose a knowing self. Brahman or pure consciousness underlies the knowing self. Consciousness according to the Advaita School, unli…

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Question 9

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Write short answers to the following in about 150 words each:

How does Mimamsa establish the authority of Vedic knowledge?

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Question 10

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Write short answers to the following in about 150 words each:

Critically discuss the metaphysical status of a Jiva and a Purusa according to Samkhya philosophy.

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Explanation

Metaphysical Status of Jiva and Purusa According to Samkhya Philosophy

Jiva

  • According to Samkhya philosophy the Purusa or self with ahamkara is the Jiva, and not Purusa itself. In Samkhya, Purusa is called self. The Purusa is an eternal, ubiquitous, immaterial, inactive, immobile, eternally pure, and conscious and free spirit. The self as determined …

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