IAS (Admin.) Mains Political Science (PSIR) Indian Government and Politics-Fundamental Rights and Duties Study Material (Page 6 of 13)

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Article 12 , Definition of the State, Article 13, Laws Inconsistent with FRS (Article 13) , Judicial Review

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Article 12

Definition of the State

Article 12 defines State, which includes:

(a) The Government and Parliament of India, i.e.. , Executive and Legislature of the Union.

(b) The Government and the Legislature of each state, Executive and legislature of States.

(c) All local or other authorities within the territory of India; and

(d) All the local and other authorities within the territory of India.

  • Therefore, it is the actions of these bodies that can be challenged before the courts as violating F ₹ In 1967, SC in the case of Electricity Board, Rajasthan v. Mohan Lal held that the expression ‘other authorities’ is wide enough to include all authorities created by the …

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Provisions, Limitations, Fundamental Rights

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Provisions

Now, it allows the NRI to spend indefinite stay, like any Indian citizen.

Limitations

  • The dual citizenship does not provide voting rights to the NRI.
  • They are not eligible to be elected to public office.
  • dual citizens are not to be treated as citizens for the purpose of taxation; instead, they will be on a par with the NRIs for tax purposes.
  • The fact of the matter is that not all can opt for dual citizenship; it all depends on whether the laws of the other country permit it.

6 Rights of citizenship of certain pe…

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