Optionals IAS Mains Botany: Questions 369 - 377 of 511

Industrial Production of Antibiotics

• Antibiotics are the metabolic substances produced by some living organism which injurious to other living beings.
• Penicillin is first antibiotic extracted by Alexander Fleming from fungi Penicillium notatum.
• Many other fungi are used to obtain antibiotics like Aspergillus giganteus to make L-sarcin, Claviceps purpu…

Adaptive Responses and Water Deficit Stress Conditions

Stress Condition

• Any change in the environment may disrupt the homeostasis that can be defined as biological stress.
• Stress in plants can be defined as any external factor that negatively affects the physiology and survival of the plant.

Water Deficit Condition

• In this situation, the plant water pot…

Totipotency

• Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism.
• Totipotency is the genetic potential of a plant cell to produce the entire plant.
• Isolated cells from differentiated tissue are generally non-dividing and quiescent.
• Totipotency is expressed they undergo dedifferentiation and th…

Seed Habit

• Seed habit is said when naked Megasporangium got covered by a vascular integument and hence a seed was formed.
• A seed may be defined as an integumented and indehiscent Megasporangium.

In Selaginella

• Selaginella belongs to pteridophyte still show seed habit like structure.
• Seed habit starts from gymnosperms.
• So selaginella show advanc…

Probability

• It is a branch of mathematics which deals with numerical descriptions of how likely an event is to occur or how likely it is that a proposition is true.
• The probability of ant event should be between 0 to 1.

Objectives of Probability

• It able to calculate probabilities by counting the outcomes in sample space.
• Use of counting formula to compu…

Nutmeg

• Botanical name- Myristica fragrans.
• Family- Myristicaceae.
• Economic important of plant part- seeds are mostly used part of the plant. Used for different purposes.

Uses

• Nutmeg is the seed of species of the genus Myristica.
• It is cultivated for two spices
  • Nutmeg (seed)
  • Mace (seed covering)
• It is also a source of an…

Chloroplast Dimorphism

• Chloroplast dimorphism can be seen in plants.
• have kranz anatomy that prevents plant from photorespiration.
• In the plants, there are two type of cell mesophyll cell and bundle sheath cell.

• In these plants, mesophyll as well as bundle sheath cell shows the presence of chlorophyll.
• However, there are some di…

Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta

Molecular Basis of Fruit Ripening

• Fruit ripening is a genetically programmed process lead by metabolic, enzymatic, and physiological changes.
• Hence different enzyme, nutrient, pigment, and hormone mainly have role in ripening of fruit.
• Some hydrolytic enzyme like polygalacturonase, cellulose, pectin methyl esterase increased at the time of fruit ripen…