GRE (Graduate Record Examinations) Psychology Learning-Instrumental Conditioning Study Material (Page 4 of 9)

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Reinforcement: Primary and Secondary and Schedule of Reinforcement

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Primary and Secondary Reinforcers

In addition to being classified as positive or negative, reinforcers can be primary or secondary.

Primary Reinforcer

A primary reinforcer is a substance (such as palatable food) or situation (such as electric shock) that is universally rewarding or punishing.

Secondary Reinforcer

A secondary reinforcer is a formerly neutral stimulus that has acquired reward or punishment value. For example, grades given in examinations

Schedule of Reinforcement

Reinforcement can occur after every response & this situation is known as continuous reinforcement. It can also occur only after some responses known as intermittent reinforcement. A response learned under the latter con…

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Punishment: Difference between Punishment and Negative Enforcement

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Punishment can act as a negative reinforcement as punishment decreases the probability that a particular preceding event will occur again. When subjects are punished, they experience the unpleasant or aversive stimulus. For example, a studen…

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