View 400 Notes detailed notes on GATE (Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering) Electronics & CE (EC)
š Study Material (400 Notes): 2024-2025 Syllabus
Rs. 450.00 -OR-
3 Year Validity (Multiple Devices)
š See Sample NotesDetails
We have 400 Notes in GATE (Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering) Electronics & CE (EC) course arranged below by topic-subtopic. Topic-wise count & %effort is given in brackets. Green bars show topic progress as you mark the titles complete (Show me how).
%
Engineering Mathematics [37 Notes- 5% Effort]
Linear Algebra [6 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Basic of Matrix; Matrix, Types of Matrices, Types of a Square Matrix, Equality of a Matrix
- Matrix Algebra
- 2
- Linear Dependence and Independence
- Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors
- 3
- Rank of a Matrix
- Solution of Linear Equations
Calculus [7 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Mean Value Theorems
- Theorems of Integral Calculus
- 2
- Evaluation of Definite and Improper Integrals
- Partial Derivatives
- 3
- Maxima and Minima
- Multiple Integrals, Line, Surface and Volume Integrals
- 4
- Title: TaylorÕs Series
Differential Equations [8 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- First Order Equations
- Higher Order Linear Differential Equations
- 2
- CauchyÕs and EulerÕs Equation
- Methods of Solution Using Variation of Parameters
- 3
- Complementary Function and Particular Integral
- Partial Differential Equations
- 4
- Variable Separable Method
- Initial and Boundary Value Problems
Vector Analysis [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- GATE Electronic Science: Engineering Mathematics; Vector in Plane and Space
- GATE Electronic Science: Engineering Mathematics; Vector Operation
- 2
- Gradient
- Divergence and Curl, GaussÕs, GreenÕs and Stokes Theorems
Complex Analysis [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Analytic Functions
- CauchyÕs Integral Theorem
- 2
- CauchyÕs Integral Formula
- TaylorÕs and LaurentÕs Series
- 3
- Residue Theorem
Numerical Methods [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Solution of Non-Linear Equations
- Single and Multi-Step Methods for Differential Equations
- 2
- Convergence Criteria
Probability and Statistics [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Networks, Signals and Systems [66 Notes- 13% Effort]
Network Solution Methods [6 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Auto Correlation and Power Spectral Density
- KirchhoffÕs Law
- 2
- Mesh Analysis: Procedure, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
- Nodal Analysis: Process and Sources
- 3
- Nodal Analysis; with Current Source and Properties
- Super Node: Properties and Application
Network Theorems [30 Notes- 6% Effort]
- 1
- Properties of White Noise
- AC Circuit Analysis: Fundamental of AC Supply - Cycle, Time Period (T) , Frequency (F) , Instantaneous Voltage and Current, RMS Value, Average Value
- 2
- AC Circuit Analysis: Basic Circuit Operation with AC Supply, AC Circuit Operation- Simple R Circuit with AC, Simple L Circuit with AC Supply, Simple C Circuit with AC Supply, Series R and L Circuit, Series R and C Circuit, Series R, L and C Circuit
- AC Circuit Analysis: Parallel AC Circuits- Parallel R and L Circuit, Parallel R and C Circuit, Parallel R, L and C Circuit, Applications
- 3
- Field and Circuit Theory and Lumped Systems/Distributed System
- Network Theorems, Mathematical Modeling, and Analogous Physical Quantities
- 4
- Linear and Non-Linear Circuits, Electromagnetic Laws, Theorems, and Differential Equations
- Retarded Potentials and Radiation Resistance, Comparison between the Circuit Theory and Field Theory
- 5
- Network Impedance and PI and T Networks
- Impedance of a Transmission Line and L Shaped Reactive Networks
- 6
- Field and Circuit Theory
- OhmÕs Law
- 7
- Inductance and Capacitance
- Measurement of Voltage, Current and Resistance: OhmÕs Law, Power and Energy
- 8
- Series and Parallel Connections of Resistors; Current Divider; Ladder Network and Circuit
- Resistor: Types and Important Equations; Inductor and Related Expressions
- 9
- Capacitor and Its Types & Expressions; Network and Terminologies
- Ideal and Practical Sources of Energy
- 10
- Network Graphs: KirchhoffÕs Current Law (KCL) , KirchhoffÕs Voltage Law (KVL) , Applications, Example, R ā L ā C Series Circuit
- Resonance in RLC Circuit; Parameters: Resonant Frequency
- 11
- Applications of R-L-C Series Circuits; Parallel Resonance Circuit Diagram - Quantities & Application
- NortonÕs Theorem: Concept and Circuit Diagram
- 12
- NortonÕs Theorem: Step-By-Step Procedure, Advantages and Limits
- Step by Step Application of NortonÕs Theorem to Calculate IN and RN
- 13
- Maximum Power Transfer Theorem: Limitations, Applications, Proof, Conditions, Value & Efficiency
- Superposition Theorem Statement: Application, Steps, Limitations
- 14
- TheveninÕs Theorem: Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
- TheveninÕs Theorem Step-By-Step Procedure
- 15
- Transient Analysis: Definition, Techniques and Principles
- Transient Analysis: Practical Applications, Examples, Principles and Concepts
Linear 2-Port Network Parameters [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Two-Port Network Parameters: Two- Port Network Parameters- Admittance Parameters, Operation, Procedure, Impedance Parameters, Transmission Parameters, Hybrid Parameters
- Transfer Function: Two-Port Network Functions
- 2
- Transfer Function: Different Transfer Functions of the Two-Port Network- Transfer Impedance Functions, Transfer Admittance Functions, Voltage Transfer Function, Current Transfer Function
- State Space Analysis, Design, Model - From Differential Equation and Design Function
Continuous-Time Signals [16 Notes- 3% Effort]
- 1
- Fourier Series: Fourier Series Representation of Continuous Time Periodic Signals, CTFT
- Application of Fourier Series
- 2
- Laplace Transform: Laplace Transform of Standard Functions
- Properties of Laplace Transform; Initial and Final Value Theorem
- 3
- Inverse Laplace Transform; Convolution Theorem
- Circuit Analysis Using Laplace Transform: Resistive, Inductive, Capacitive; DC Response of RC Circuit
- 4
- DC Response of Series RL & RLC Circuit; Sinusoidal Response in RC and RL Circuit
- Z-Transform & Region of Convergence
- 5
- Z-Transforms Properties, Initial and Final Value Theorems, Causality and Stability
- Solving Difference Equations by Z-Transform: Natural and Forced Response; Inverse Z-Transform
- 6
- Methods to Find the Inverse Z-Transform: Residue Method
- Digital Filtering & Types
- 7
- FIR Filters: Design, Structure, Response, Advantages & Disadvantages
- IIR Filters: Concept, Advantages & Disadvantages
- 8
- Signal Processing: AāD Converter, DAC
- Application of Signal Processing
Discrete-Time Signals [8 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Filter Terminology: Low Pass, High Pass, Band Pass and Band Stop Filter
- Image Impedance, Passive Filters & Types
- 2
- Methods of Signal Analysis: Time & Frequency Domain; Time Domain Specifications
- Methods of Signal Analysis: Frequency Domain Analysis; Time-Frequency Signal Analysis
- 3
- Linear Circuit Components: Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor
- Transient Response: Steps, RL, RC, RLC Circuits
- 4
- Frequency Domain: KCL in S-Domain, KVL in S-Domain
- Resonance Circuit: Series and Parallel; Time Frequency Domain Analysis
LTI Systems [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Electronic Devices [76 Notes- 23% Effort]
Junction and Devices [64 Notes- 18% Effort]
- 1
- Diode & Its Applications
- Introduction to Optoelectronics, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Light Sources, Photo Detectors, Optical Fiber Communication, Application of Optoelectronics
- 2
- Energy Band: Introduction About Atomic Structure
- Energy Band: Definition: Energy Band
- 3
- P N-Junction: Introduction About the Semiconductors, Definition: P N-Junction
- Diode Equation and Diode Equivalent Circuit: Definition: Diode, Symbol of Diode, Construction of Diode
- 4
- Diode Equation and Diode Equivalent Circuit: Working Operation of Diode- Forward Bias Operation, Reverse Bias Operation
- P N Junction Diode: Definition, Construction, Working Principle, V-I Characteristics, Advantages, Disadvantages
- 5
- FET (Field Effect Transistor) : Definition, Working Principle, Classification, Output Characteristics of JFET, Parameters of JFET
- Zener Diode: Definition, Working Principle of Zener Diode, Zener Diode Circuit, V-I Characteristics of Zener Diode, Applications, Advantages, Disadvantages
- 6
- MOSFET: FET (Field Effect Transistor) , MOSFET (Metal-Oxide Silicon Field Effect Transistor) - Construction of a MOSFET, Classification of MOSFETS, Characteristics of MOSFET
- Tunnel Diode: Definition, Working Principle, V-I Characteristics of the Tunnel Diode, Advantages of Tunnel Diode, Disadvantages, Applications of Tunnel Diode
- 7
- Diode Equation and Diode Equivalent Circuit: Diode Equation or Diode Law, Diode Equivalent Circuit
- Diode Equation and Diode Equivalent Circuit: Definition, Diode Equation, Diode Equivalent Circuit- Ideal Diode Equation, Non-Ideal Equation, Ideal Diode Model, Simplified Model, Piece-Wise Linear Model
- 8
- Optical Source - LED: Symbol, Circuit Operation of LED
- Optical Source - LED: Seven Segments LED
- 9
- Photo Transistor
- Solar Cell
- 10
- Semiconductor Diode Laser
- Optoelectronics
- 11
- Optical Couplers
- Calculations on Couplers: Optocouplers
- 12
- Applications and Specifications of Optical Couplers
- Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductor
- 13
- CoulombÕs Law
- Optical Sources and Detectors
- 14
- Basics of Optoelectronics and Its Applications
- Understanding the Phenomenon of Breakdown in Diodes
- 15
- āUnderstanding the Concept of Effective Mass in Solidsā
- āFermi Distribution Function and Carrier Concentration in Semiconductorsā : Concentration of Electrons in the Conduction Band, Concentration of Holes in the Valence Band
- 16
- āFermi Distribution Function and Carrier Concentration in Semiconductorsā : Effective Density of States, Intrinsic Carrier Concentration, Density-Of-States Effective Mass
- Comprehensive Understanding of Semiconductors and Electronic Band Structure: Overview, Bonding Forces in Solids
- 17
- Comprehensive Understanding of Semiconductors and Electronic Band Structure: Energy Bands
- The Fermi Level and Its Significance in Semiconductor Analysis
- 18
- High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) : Advancements, Short Channel Effects, and Performance Considerations
- Understanding the Concept of Junction FET
- 19
- Fabrication of P-N Junction Diodes: Semiconductor Diodes
- Semiconductor Diodes āForward and Reverse Biased Junctionsā : Qualitative Description of Current Flow at a Junction
- 20
- Semiconductor Diodes āForward and Reverse Biased Junctionsā : Carrier Injection, Reverse Bias
- āI-V Characteristics of Solar Cellsā
- 21
- āAdvancements and Applications of Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) ā
- VLSI Design Flow: Partitioning and MOS Layers
- 22
- Multiple Choice Questions
- Structure of Charge - Couple Device - MOS Capacitor, CCD Pixel, Advantages of Buried Channel Capacitor for CCDs
- 23
- Pixel Technology, Dark Current, Enhancements
- Signal Processing, Methods of Correlated Double Sampling
- 24
- Charge Storage and Transfer
- Charge Transfer Process
- 25
- Solar Cell Parameters: Short -Circuit Current Density; Open Circuit Voltage
- Solar Cell Parameters: Fill Factor, Conversion Efficiency
- 26
- Foundational Guidelines - Layout Design Rules for Optimal Circuit Implementation
- Design Rules and Layout: Lamba-Based Design Rules
- 27
- Crystal Clear: Unveiling the World of LCD Displays
- Crystal Clear: Unveiling the World of LCD Displays: Application of Liquid Crystals
- 28
- MOS Technology and VLSI: VLSI Process, Twin-Well CMOS Process, Integrated Devices, MOSFETs
- MOS Technology and VLSI: Resistors, Capacitors, Pn Junction Diodes, BiCOMS Process
- 29
- MOS Technology and VLSI: Lateral Pnp Transistor, P-Base and Pinched-Base Resistors, SiGe BiCMOS Process
- NMOS and CMOS Inverters: Methodology
- 30
- NMOS and CMOS Inverters (Performance Analysis) -D Flip Flop Circuit and Leakage Power Analysis, Full Adder Circuit, Modeling and Analysis
- Scaling of MOS Devices, MOSFET Scaling - Constant Field Scaling
- 31
- MOSFET Scaling - Constant Voltage Scaling
- āstick Diagrams: Visualizing Chip Layouts with Colorful Abstractionsā : NMOS Encoding
- 32
- Hall Effect: Principle, Advantages, Disadvantages
- Application of Hall Effect Transducer
Integrated Circuit Fabrication Process [12 Notes- 4% Effort]
- 1
- Understanding the Concept of Epitaxial Growth
- āPlasma-Based Etching in IC Processing: Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) ā
- 2
- Crystal Growth and Techniques - Czochralski Growth
- Crystal Growth and Techniques ā Float Zone Crystal Growth
- 3
- Thin Film Deposition
- Thin Film Deposition - Chemical Deposition
- 4
- Thin Film Deposition - Physical Deposition
- Metallization: Enabling Electrical Interconnects and Signal Routing in Integrated Circuits
- 5
- āLithography: Precision Pattern Transfer for Semiconductor Manufacturingā : Lithography in Semiconductor Manufacturing
- āLithography: Precision Pattern Transfer for Semiconductor Manufacturingā : Photolithography Steps, Masking and Etching
- 6
- Oxidation Process: Silicon Dioxide ā Applications, Advantages, Measurements and Modifications
- Dry Oxidation vs. Wet Oxidation, Optical Properties of Silicon Dioxide, and Visual Appearance of Processed Wafers
Analog Circuits [37 Notes- 7% Effort]
Small Signal Equivalent Circuits of Diodes, BJTs and MOSFETs [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Simple Diode Circuits [6 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Rectifier: Schematic Diagram of Rectifier, Single Phases Half Wave Rectifier Explanation Transformer, Types of Rectifiers, Circuit Diagram, Contraction, Operation
- Rectifier: Single Phase Full Wave Controlled Bridage Rectifier- Circuit Diagram, Operation
- 2
- Rectifier: Three Phase Full Wave Controlled Bridage Thyrister Rectifier- Circuit Diagram, Construction, Operation, Applications of Rectifiers
- Diode Rectifiers
- 3
- Half-Wave Rectifiers
- TLE: Bridge Rectifier with RLE Load
Single-Stage BJT and MOSFET Amplifiers [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Biasing of Transistor and JFET: BJT Biasing- Types of the Biasing Circuits, Collector to Base Bias, Self-Bias (Emitter Bias)
- Biasing of Transistor and JFET: JFET Biasing, Common Source Voltage Divider Biasing- Introduction, Circuit Diagram, Construction and Operation
- 2
- Single Stage Amplifier: Transistor Amplifier Types- Q-POINT or Quiescent Point
- Single Stage Amplifier: Single Stage Amplifier- Introduction, a. C. Equivalent Circuit of the Single Stage Amplifer, D. C Equivalent Circuit of the Single Stage Amplifer, Construction and Operation
Op-Amp & Active Filters [8 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Multi Stage Amplifier: Basic Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier - Circuit Diagram, Construction and Operation, Frequency Response
- Multi Stage Amplifier: Frequency Response Characteristics of Two Stage RC Coupled Amplfier, Classes of Amplifier - Lower Cutoff Frequency (FL) , Upper Cut -Off Frequency (FH) , Band Width (BW) , Classification of Amplifier Classes, Amplifier ā Class B
- 2
- Feedback in Amplifier: Types of Feedback, Types of Negative Feedback Based on the Circuit Configurations- Positive Feedback, Negative Feedback, Application of Negative Feedback
- Feedback in Amplifier: Connection Diagrams of Negative Feedback, General Theory of Negative Feedback. Voltage Series Feedback, Voltage Shunt Feedback, Current Series Feedback, Current Shunt Feedback, Voltage Series Feedback, Advantage of Negative Feed Back, Applications
- 3
- Operational Amplifier Characteristics and Applications: Block Diagram of OP-AMPS, Characteristics of Ideal OP- AMP- Input, Output Stage, Intermediate Stage, Level Shifting Stage/Emitter Follower
- Operational Amplifier Characteristics and Applications: Simple Equivalent Circuit of OP- AMP, Applications of OP-AMP, Inverting Amplifier- Construction, Operation
- 4
- Operational Amplifier Characteristics and Applications: Summing Amplifier, Non- Inverting Amplifier
- Schmitt Trigger
Sinusoidal Oscillators [15 Notes- 4% Effort]
- 1
- Oscillators and Barkhausen Criterion: Types of Oscillators, Sinusoidal Oscillator Types- Condition for Oscillation, Voltage Gain Without Feedback, Voltage Gain with Feedback
- LC Oscillator: Operation, Tank Circuit, Transistorized Amplifier, Feedback
- 2
- Oscillators: Crystal Oscillator - Introduction Crystal Oscillator, Construction, Operation, Applications
- Integrator: Operation, Frequency Response, Results, Wave Form, Applications
- 3
- Differentiator: Operation, Wave Form
- Function Generator: Operation, Waveform, Explanation, Applications
- 4
- Wave Shaping Circuits: General Categories of Wave Shaping Circuits, Clippers and Clampers
- Hartley Oscillator
- 5
- ColpittsÕs Oscillator
- Phase Shift Oscillator (RC Oscillator)
- 6
- Microwave Passive Components: Coaxial Cables and Connectors
- Microwave Waveguide Junctions: H-Plane Tee, E-Plane Tee, E-H Plane Tee
- 7
- Hybrid Rings; Directional Couplers; Bends, Twists and Transition
- Attenuators and Terminators, Terminations, Iris and Screw Posts for Impedance Matching
- 8
- Probes and Loops, Faraday Rotation and Phase Shifters in Impedance Matching
Power Supplies [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Voltage Regulated ICÕs and Regulated Power Supply: Regulated Power Supply, the Regulated Power Supply Are Categories of Two Types, Linear Shunt Transistor Voltage Regulator, Voltage Regulated ICs
- Voltage Regulaterd ICS and Regulated Power Supply: Types of Voltage Regulator ICs, Variable Voltage Regulator, Applications of Regulated Power Supply- Fixed Voltage Regulators, Operation, IC LM 317 Regulator, Construction and Operation
Digital Circuits [96 Notes- 24% Effort]
Number Systems & Combinatorial Circuits [53 Notes- 11% Effort]
- 1
- What is Electronic Science ā Its Branches
- Boolean Algebra: Boolean Algebra, Postulates, Laws and Theorems of Boolean Algebra
- 2
- Boolean Algebra: Simplification of Boolean Expression, De MorgansÕs Theorems- Points to Remember Regarding De MorganÕs, Visualization of Signal Flow Using De MorganÕs Theorem
- Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer: Multiplexer, De-Multiplexer- Logic Diagram, Construction, Operation
- 3
- Arithmetic Circuits: Arithmetic and Logic Circuit, Half Adder - Construction & Operation
- Arithmetic Circuits: Full Adder, Half Subtractor, Full Subtractor
- 4
- Gates
- Classification of Gates: Nor and NAND Gate
- 5
- Classification of Gates: EX-Or and EX-Nor Gate
- Realization of Gates: Universal Gates
- 6
- Boolean Algebra and Minimization Techniques
- Logic Families: Positive and Negative Logic, Types of Logic Families
- 7
- Characteristics of Logic Families
- Evolution of Logic Families
- 8
- TTL Families
- Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Logic Family
- 9
- Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL) Family
- Interfacing with MOS and ECL Devices
- 10
- Number System
- Number Base Inter-Conversions
- 11
- Binary Codes
- Logic Gates
- 12
- IEEE/ANSI Standard Symbols
- Pulse Operations of Gates and Applications of Logic Gates
- 13
- Multiplexer and Demultiplexers
- Types of Multiplexer
- 14
- Multiplexer ICs and Cascading Multiplexer
- Applications of Multiplexers and Demultiplexers
- 15
- Demultiplexers ICs and Applications of Demultiplexers
- Combinational Circuits
- 16
- Comparator
- Boolean Algebra
- 17
- Laws of Boolean Algebra
- Simplification of Boolean Expressions
- 18
- Karnaugh Maps (Introduction, Minterms, Maxterms, POM, SOP, POS)
- Karnaugh Map (Application, Minimization, DonÕt Care)
- 19
- Basics of Decoder
- Binary Decoders
- 20
- Special Decoders
- Applications of Decoders
- 21
- Arithmetic Circuits
- Binary Subtractor
- 22
- Binary Multiplication
- Binary Division
- 23
- Fixed Point Arithmatic
- Floating-Point Representation
- 24
- Floating Point Arithmetic
- Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
- 25
- ALU ICs
- Hazards in Combinational Circuits
- 26
- Detection and Elimination of Hazards
- Simple Binary Encoders
- 27
- Basics of Encoders: Priority, Keyboard Encoder and Applications of Encoders
Sequential Circuits [26 Notes- 7% Effort]
- 1
- Flip-Flops
- Types of Flip-Flops: JK Flip-Flop and JKMS Flip-Flop
- 2
- Types of Flip-Flops: D Flip-Flop and T Flip-Flop
- Race Around Condition in JK Flip Flop
- 3
- Counters - Ring Counter, Johnson Counter
- Ripple Counter
- 4
- Synchronous Counter: Synchronous up and down Counter
- Shift Registers
- 5
- Latches
- Latches: Active High and Low SR Latch
- 6
- Gated SR and D Latch
- Applications of Latches
- 7
- Flip ā Flops
- Operating Characteristics of Flip-Flops
- 8
- Digital Electronics: Shift Registers
- Ring and Johnson Counter, Shift Register ICs
- 9
- Sequential Circuit Models
- Finite State Machine
- 10
- Behavior of Flip-Flops (SR, D, JK, T)
- Excitation Table and State Diagram
- 11
- Programmable Logic Devices
- SPLDs (PROM, PLA, GAL, ASIC)
- 12
- Sequential Circuits: 4 Bit Counter
- Sequential Circuits: Octave Frequency Division in Counters
- 13
- Steps in Designing a Sequential Circuits
- Sequential Circuits: Asynchronous Counter
Data Converters [6 Notes- 2% Effort]
- 1
- A/D to D/A Converters: Digital to Analog Converter, Basic Concepts, Types of D/A Converters, Weighted Resistor (Summing Amplifier) D/A Converter
- A to D Converter: Analog to Digital Converter- Necessity, Sample and Hold Circuit, Types of A/D Converter, Successive Approximation A/D Converter- Construction, Operation
- 2
- DAC Introduction and Types
- Binary Weighted Method of DAC
- 3
- Types of A/D Converters, the Ultimate Guide, Introduction, Main Types of ADC Converters
- Sample and Hold Circuit Introduction, Performance Parameters
Semiconductor Memories [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Memories: Semiconductor Memories, Memory Basic Terms, Types of Semiconductor Memory- Memory Cell, Memory Word, Byte, Read Operation, Read Only Operation
- Memories: RAM (Random Access Memory) , Bipolar RAM Cell, ROM, and CCD Devices (Types of Random Access Memory, Construction & Operation, Types of ROM Memory, Operation)
8-Bit Microprocessor (8085) [9 Notes- 3% Effort]
Control Systems [17 Notes- 4% Effort]
Basic Control System Components [7 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Physical Quantities & Supplementary Quantities
- Scalar and Vector Physical Quantities and Algebra of Vectors
- 2
- Scalar Product and Vector Product
- Concept of Co-Variance
- 3
- Contra-Variant
- Model of Dynamic Systems
- 4
- Introduction to on-Off Controller
Transfer Function [8 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Control System: Types, Open Loop Control System & Its Gain
- Open Loop Control System: Examples, Advantages, Disadvantages & Characteristics
- 2
- Closed-Loop Control System: Need, Feedback, Operation, Transfer Function, Examples
- Proportional (P) Control: Gain and Band; Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
- 3
- PID Controller and Controller Signal
- Applications of PID Controllers
- 4
- Proportional Derivative
- Proportional Integral Controller
Bode and Root-Locus Plots [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Communications [33 Notes- 10% Effort]
Random Processes [5 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Receiver Noise Floor and Figure in Electric Communications
- Random Variable: Random Process, Gaussian Process
- 2
- Electrical Noise: Thermal Noise
- Electrical Noise: Shot Noise, White Noise
- 3
- Narrow Band Noise & Its Representation
Analog Communications [15 Notes- 5% Effort]
- 1
- Frequency to Voltage and Voltage to Frequency Converters: Voltage to Frequency Converter, Frequency to Voltage Converter- Introduction, Applications, Frequency to Voltage Converter
- Phase Locked Loops (PLL) : Basics
- 2
- PLL: Phase Detectors
- Application of Optoelectronics
- 3
- Optical Fiber: Introduction, Structure and Propagation of Light
- Optical Fiber: Numerical Aperture, Pulse Broadening and Phase Front Analysis
- 4
- Optical Fiber
- Comparison of Optical Fibers
- 5
- Amplitude Modulation: Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) & Sampling Techniques
- Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) : Graph, Digital PAM, Advantages, Disadvantage and Applications
- 6
- Frequency Modulation: Equations, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
- Phase Modulation: Single Tone, Sensitivity, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
- 7
- Intermediate Frequency & Frequency Used
- Intermediate Frequency- Intermediate Frequency Amplifier
- 8
- Superheterodyne Receiver Characteristics, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
Information Theory [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Information Theory: Shannon Weaver Model; Information Entropy
- Mutual Information, ShannonÕs Source Coding Theorem & Lossless Coding Algorithm
- 2
- Huffman Coding: Greedy Algorithm for Construction, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications - Variable Length Coding Algorithm
Digital Communications [10 Notes- 2% Effort]
- 1
- Modulation and Demodulation: Digital Modulation and Types
- Amplitude Shift Keying: Working, Types and Applications
- 2
- Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Demodulation: Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
- Phase Shift Keying (PSK) : BPSK - Principle, Expression and Modulation
- 3
- BPSK Demodulation: Advantages, Disadvantages
- Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM) : Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
- 4
- OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) : Concept, Data, Features, Variants, Advantages and Disadvantages
- Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) System
- 5
- Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing (STDM) and Asynchronous TDM
- Difference between Synchronous TDM and Asynchronous TDM, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
Electromagnetics [38 Notes- 10% Effort]
Electrostatics Maxwell's Equations [8 Notes- 2% Effort]
- 1
- Co-Ordinate System
- Unit Vector and Line, Area, and Volume Element
- 2
- MaxwellÕs Equation, Electric Force Field and Electromagnetic Properties of Media
- Laws of Electro-Magnetics from MaxwellÕs Equations and Modified Form of Amperes Law
- 3
- PoyntingÕs Vector Theorem and Polarization of Electro-Magnetic Waves
- Operators, Gradient, Divergence, and Curl
- 4
- Co-Ordinate Systems, Mathematical Theorems, Differential Equations Involving and Vector Identities
- TE Mode in Rectangular Waveguides: Theory, Field Components, and Practical Applications
Plane Waves and Properties [6 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Helmholtz Equation and Method of Separation of Variables
- Helmholtz, Wave, and Bessel Differential Equation
- 2
- Plane Waves, Equations, Propagation Constant and Boundary Conditions
- EM Waves
- 3
- Wave Equation
- Time-Varying Fields: Transformer & Motional EMF, Displacement Current and MaxwellÕs Equation
Transmission Lines [20 Notes- 5% Effort]
- 1
- Waveguides and Microwave Frequency Bands
- Terminology in Waveguides and Standard Waveguide Dimensions
- 2
- LCR Series Circuit, Relaxation Time, Lumped and Distributed Component Model and Transmission Line Equations
- Waveguides, Cavity Resonators and Antenna
- 3
- Numerical and Graphical Techniques
- Reflection and Transmission Line
- 4
- Standing Wave
- Microwave Transmission Lines
- 5
- Characteristics Impedance, Reflection and Transmission Co-Efficient and Transmission Line Equations
- Propagation Constant and Phase Velocity and Advantages of DC Lines
- 6
- Line Impedance and Admittance
- Hyperbolic Functions and Inter-Relational between Line Impedance, VSWR and Reflection Co-Efficient
- 7
- Experimental Determination of Propagation Constant and Characteristics and Normalized Impedance
- Input Impedance of a Transmission Line and Insertion Loss
- 8
- Quarter Wave Transformer and Characteristics Impedance
- Single Shunt Stub Matching
- 9
- Double Stub Matching
- Impedance Matching - Power Losses, Quarter Wave Transformer
- 10
- Smith Chart: Characteristics, Application, Reading Impedance
- TM Mode in Rectangular Waveguides: Theory, Cutoff Frequencies, and Practical Considerations