GATE (Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering) Computer Science & IT (CS) Computer Organization and Architecture-Instruction Pipelining, Cache and Main Memory Study Material (Page 1 of 12)
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Pipeline Hazards
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- The problems that occur in the pipeline are called hazards.
- Hazards that arise in the pipeline prevent the next instruction from executing during its designated clock cycle.
Types of Hazards
Structural Hazards
- Hardware cannot support certain combinations of instructions (two instructions in the pipeline require the same resource) .
- Structural hazards arise because there is not enough duplication of resources.
Structural hazards are resolved by following method:
Solution 1: Wait
- Must detect the hazard
- Must have mechanism to stall
- Low cost and simple
- Increases CPI
- Used for rare cases
Solution 2: Throw More Hardware at the Problem
- Pipeline hardware resource
- Use…
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Control Hazards
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Control Hazards
- A branch in a sequence of instructions causes a problem.
- If the branch is not resolved, we will not know where to fetch the next instruction from and this causes a problem.
- This delay in determining the proper instruction to fetch is called a control hazard or branch hazard.
- The two major issues related to control dependences are exception behavior and handling and preservation of data flow.
- Preserving exception behavior requires that any changes in instruction execution order must not change how exceptions are raised in program. It means no new exceptions should be generated.
Example:
ADD | R2, R3, R4 |
BEQZ | R2, L1 |
LD | R1,0 (R2) |
L1: |
- Moving LD before BEQZ may lead to memory protection violation.
- The branch ins…
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