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We have 1958 Notes in CSIR (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research) Earth Sciences course arranged below by topic-subtopic. Topic-wise count & %effort is given in brackets. Green bars show topic progress as you mark the titles complete (Show me how).
%
The Earth and the Solar System [54 Notes- 2% Effort]
Milky Way and the Solar System [26 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- The Solar System
- Introduction to Solar System
- 2
- Solar System: Sun & Planets
- Solar System: Asteroids, Meteorite & Comets
- 3
- Types of Major Accidents: Boat, Road
- Solar System and Celestial Bodies
- 4
- Milankovitch Cycles and Glaciation
- Glacial and Interglacial Periods: Glacial Periods, Alpine Glacial, Gagel Periods, Causes of Glaciation, Consequences of Ice-Age
- 5
- Mass Extinctions: Big -5 Mass Extinctions, Sixth Mass Extinction or Holocene Extinction
- Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth
- 6
- Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Lowthian Green Tetrahedron Theory
- Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Gaseous Mass Theory
- 7
- Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Nebular Hypothesis
- Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Planetesimal Hypothesis
- 8
- Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Nebular Versus Planetesimal Hypothesis, Tidal Hypothesis of Jeans and Jeffreys
- Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Differences between Planetesimal and Tidal Hypothesis, Otto SchmidtÕs Inter-Stellar Dust Cloud Hypothesis
- 9
- Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Differences between Tidal and Dust Cloud Hypothesis, Nova Hypothesis of Hoyle and Lyttleton
- Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Binary Star Hypothesis of Russell, Big Bang Theory
- 10
- Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Steady State Theory, Electromagnetic Theory of Hannas Alfven
- Origin and Evolution of Planets and Earth: Dust Gas Cloud Theory of Weizsacker, Other Theories
- 11
- Physical Conditions of EarthÕs Interior
- Physical Conditions of EarthÕs Interior: General Layers of Earth, Mechanical Division
- 12
- Physical Conditions of EarthÕs Interior: Holmes Classification, Van De GrachtÕs Classification, DalyÕs Classification, JeffreysÕ Classification
- Weathering: Characteristics of Weathering
- 13
- Weathering: Forces in Weathering
- Erosion: Differences between Weathering and Erosion
Modern Theories on the Origin of the Earth and Other Planetary Bodies [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Meteorite
- Age of the Earth & Calculating Age of Earth
- 2
- Estimating Age of Earth Using Geological Methods
- Evolution Origin Earth and Life on Earth: Controversy over Classical Oparin-Haldane Theory, Cosmozoic Theory, Oxygenation of Earth, Rules to Remember, History of Evolutionary Theory
Earth's Orbital Parameters [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Geological Time Scale [13 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Geological Time Scale; Sequence Stratigraphic Units, Systems Tracts
- Structure: Movement of India to Present Position
- 2
- Structure: Cratons of India
- Structure: Tectonic Evolution of India
- 3
- Structure: Precambrian Archean System
- Structure: Tectonic Evolution of Proterozoic Systems
- 4
- Structure: Palaeozoic (Cambrian to Carboniferous Period)
- Structure: Mesozoic
- 5
- Structure: Cenozoic Era
- Structure: India Geological Map (Summary)
- 6
- Geological Time Scale
- Precambrian, Paleozoic & Mesozoic Era
- 7
- Cenozoic Era
Space and Time Scales of Processes in the Solid Earth [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Atmosphere and Oceans [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Age of the Earth [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Radioactive Isotopes and Their Applications in Earth Sciences [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Basic Principles of Stratigraphy [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Theories About the Origin of Life and the Nature of Fossil Record [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Earth Materials [19 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Physical Properties of Important Minerals and Rocks [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Mineral Concentrations [9 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Coal Resources: Coal Resources, Origin of Coal, Classification of Coals-Anthracite Coal, Bituminous Coal, Peat Coal
- Coal Resources : Distribution of Coal Across the World
- 2
- Coal Resources: Distribution of Coal Across the World, Problems of Coal Mining, Conservation of Coal
- Placers Deposits: Distribution of Placers Deposits in India, Formation of Placers, Characteristic of Placers Deposits, Types of Placers
- 3
- Placers Deposits: Classification of Placer Deposits
- Placers Deposits: Classification of Placer Deposits, Placers Deposits in India - World Distribution of Placer Deposits
- 4
- Clay Minerals and CEC: Soil Colloids Are of Two Types, Minerals, Organic Soil Colloids
- Minerals and Weathering: Physical Weathering, Chemical Weathering, Biological Weathering
- 5
- Minerals and Population
Rocks [8 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Rocks
- Carbonate Precipitation; Classification of Carbonates, Depositional Environments, Diagensis
- 2
- Rocks and Their Types: Igneous Rocks
- Rocks and Their Types: Sedimentary Rocks
- 3
- Rocks: Types and Formation Processes: Igneous Rocks
- Types and Formation Processes: Sedimentary Rocks
- 4
- Rocks: Types and Formation Processes: Metamorphic Rocks
- Rocks: Types and Formation Processes: Rock Cycle
Surface Features and Processes [70 Notes- 4% Effort]
Physiography of the Earth [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Weathering [10 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Composition; Diagenesis, Distribution and Importance
- Endogenetic and Exogenetic Forces: Definitions, Forces Affecting EarthÕs Crust
- 2
- Endogenetic and Exogenetic Forces: Folds
- Endogenetic and Exogenetic Forces: Faults
- 3
- Natural Sources
- Interpretation of Propagating Different Waves
- 4
- Mass Wasting
- Modes of Movement in Mass Wasting
- 5
- Factors Controlling Mass Wasting
- Types of Mass Wasting
Formation of Soil [23 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Basic Physics of Remote Sensing; Electromagnetic Radiation; Electromagnetic Radiation Quantities
- Basic Physics of Remote Sensing; Thermal Emission of Radiation; Radiation Principles
- 2
- The Subsurface Occurrence of Ground Water Divided into Zone of Aeration and Saturation
- Soil
- 3
- Soil Profile: Master Horizons
- Soil Profile: Horizon Numbering and Suffixes, Main Soil Layers
- 4
- Soil Characteristics: Soil-Structure
- Soil Characteristics: Texture and Size
- 5
- Soil Characteristics: Available Moisture and Porosity
- Soil Characteristics: Color (Munsell System)
- 6
- Soil Characteristics: Permeability
- Soil Characteristics: Soil Depth
- 7
- Soil Characteristics: Acidity
- Soil Characteristics: Drainage
- 8
- Soil Characteristics: Mineral Content
- Soil Characteristics: Organic Content, Soil Microorganism
- 9
- Genesis of Soils: Factors Affecting Soil Formation
- Genesis of Soils: Soil Forming Process
- 10
- Classification and Distribution of Soils: Zonal Classification
- Classification and Distribution of Soils: USA Soil Taxonomy: USDA Scheme
- 11
- Soil Erosion and Conservation: Soil Erosion, Effects of Soil Erosion
- Soil Erosion and Conservation: Method of Soil Conservation
- 12
- Soil Erosion, Soil Exhaustion and Soil Conservation
Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks [28 Notes- 2% Effort]
- 1
- Sediment Grain Size, Measurement Scales and Methods of Grain Size Measurement Notes
- Statistical Treatment of Particle Size Data, Their Interpretation, Particle Shape and Fabric
- 2
- Statistical Treatment of Particle Size Data: Significance of Grain Size Parameters, Particle Shape, Grain Fabric (Packing and Orientation)
- Fundamentals of Carbonate; Inorganic Carbonate Precipitation in Open Ocean; Carbonate Mineralogy
- 3
- Fundamentals of Carbonate: Carbonate Factory and Constitution of Carbonate Sediments; Classification of Carbonate Rocks
- Carbonate Diagenesis -I: Concepts and Sea Floor Diagenesis; Causative Factors Other Than Diagenetic Fluid
- 4
- Carbonate Diagenesis -I: Concepts and Sea Floor Diagenesis; Fundamentals of Sea Floor Diagenesis
- Carbonate Diagenesis -II: Meteoric and Burial Diagenesis; Cement Stratigraphy and Paragenesis
- 5
- Geometry of Carbonate Platform; Carbonate Ramps; Carbonate Rimmed Shelves
- Geometry of Carbonate Platform; Epeiric Platforms; Isolated Platform; Drowned Platform
- 6
- Regional and Global Stratigraphic Cycles; Recurrence Time of Cyclicities; Hierarchy of Stratigraphic Cycles; Order of Hierarchy and Their Correlation
- Regional and Global Stratigraphic Cycles; Sequence Hierarchy in Geological Records and Their Recognition Criteria; Major Types of Stratigraphic Cycles
- 7
- Reservoir Rocks: General Attributes and Petrophysical Properties; Pore Morphology
- Reservoir Rocks: General Attributes and Petrophysical Properties; Capillary Pressure Curves and Pore Morphology
- 8
- Formation Water Characteristics as Oil Exploration Leads; Chemistry of Oil Field Waters: Classification of Oilfield Waters; Application of Water Analysis Data
- Diagenesis
- 9
- Occurrence
- Diagenesis of Carbonate Rocks
- 10
- Major Diagenetic Processes and Changes
- Dissolution, Neomorphism, Replacement Physical and Chemical Compaction
- 11
- Lithification
- Properties of Sediments
- 12
- Formation of Sedimentary Rocks: Weathering & Erosion
- Formation of Sedimentary Rocks: Deposition, Compaction & Cementation
- 13
- Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks: Introduction, Mineralogical Composition
- Detrital and Non-Detrital Minerals; Authigenic Minerals, Accessory Minerals, the End-Member Concept, SedimentÕs Chemical Composition, Evaporites, Conclusion
- 14
- Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks (Shale, Argillite and Siltstone) ; Introduction, Argillaceous Rocks, Texture and Structure
- Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks (Limestone and Dolomites) ; Introduction, Carbonate Mineralogy and Chemistry
Physiographic Features and River Basins in India [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Interior of the Earth, Deformation and Tectonics [20 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Basic Concepts of Seismology and Internal Structure of the Earth [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Radiocarbon Dating Method
- Structure and Composition of Lithosphere
- 2
- Structure and Composition of the Lithosphere: Structure of Lithosphere, Composition of Lithosphere, Importance of Lithosphere- Tectonic Plates
Physico-Chemical and Seismic Properties of Earth's Interior [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Behaviour of Rocks under Stress [13 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Structural Analysis of Folds
- Bases on Orientation of Axial Plane, Based in Youngling Direction Relative to Sense of Fold Closure, Based on Symmetry of Fold
- 2
- Based on Nature of Hinge Line, Curvature of Axial Surface, Based on Interlimb Angle
- RamsayÕs Classification (Morphological Classification of Folds)
- 3
- Foliations
- Genetic Classification
- 4
- Morphological Classification
- Classification of Disjunctive Foliation Based on Smoothness or Regularity of Cleavage Domains
- 5
- Joints and Faults
- Classification of Joint
- 6
- Principle of Failure of Rupture/Genesis of Joints
- Mode of Occurrences as Basis, Engineering Consideration of Faults and on the Basis of Slip
- 7
- Lineation
Earthquakes - Their Causes and Measurement [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Oceans and Atmosphere [62 Notes- 3% Effort]
Hypsography of the Continents and Ocean Floor [9 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Giant Submarine Canyons; Introduction, Submarine Canyons, Formation of Submarine Canyons
- Canyons in WorldÕs Major Oceans; Marine Life in Canyons, Coastal Hazards
- 2
- Crustal Plates; Profile of the Ocean Floor, Sedimentation, Water Masses and Temperature, Climate, Water Circulation and Ocean Currents, Oceanic Currents
- Atlantic Ocean: Introduction, Geographic Setting of the Atlantic, Atlantic Ocean Explorations, Crustal Plates and the Atlantic
- 3
- Profile of the Ocean Floor; Ocean Basins, Atlantic Coastal Plains, Islands or Island Arcs
- Indian Ocean: Introduction, Geographic Setting of the Atlantic, Areal Extent, the Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea, the Andaman Sea
- 4
- Explorations in the Indian Ocean; the Atlantic and the Crustal Plates, Profile of the Ocean Floor, Ocean Basins
- Antarctic Ocean; Introduction, the Geographic Setting
- 5
- The Antarctic Plate; Historical Expeditions Climatic Conditions, the Antarctic Plate, Climatic Conditions, Factors Influencing Climate
Physical and Chemical Properties of Sea Water and Their Spatial Variations [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- DarcyÕs Law: Limitation of DarcyÕs Law; Limitation of DarcyÕs Law; Application of DarcyÕs Law
- Physical and Chemical Properties of Sea Water and Their Spatial Variations; Introduction, Key Roles of the Oceans
- 2
- Sea Water in Hydrosphere; Properties of Sea Water
- Origin and Composition of Seawater
- 3
- Composition of Seawater
Residence Times of Elements in Sea Water [8 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Ocean Currents
- Tides
- 2
- Residence Times of Elements in Sea Water (Ocean Currents) ; Introduction, the First Currents Map, Nautical Miles and Knots, Current Measurements, Global Occurrences, Ocean Currents and Their Causes, Properties, Major Ocean Currents
- Surface Winds; Deep Water Currents, Different Types of Currents, Thermohaline Circulation, Ekman Transportation, Upwelling, Downpouring, Geostrophic Currents
- 3
- Distribution of Oceanic Currents; Gulf Stream, Humboldt Current, Labrador Current, Agulhas Current, Benguela Current, Indian Ocean Gyre, Indian Monsoon Current, North Atlantic Gyre, Beaufort Gyre, Ocean Eddies and Rings
- Residence Times of Elements in Sea Water (Ocean Waves) ; Introduction, Waves, Classification of Wind Generated Waves, Tidal Waves, Fetch and Sea, Different Types of Wind Waves, Winds and Wave
- 4
- Processes of Waves Formation; Breaking of Waves, Surf Zone, Other Types of Waves, Conclusion
- Concept of Residence
Important Current Systems [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Water Masses and Temperature; Climate of the Atlantic, Notable Ocean Currents, Marine Life, Marine Sediments, Natural Resources, Ports and Harbours, Hazards
- Temperature and Water Masses; the Indian OceanÕs Climate, Ocean Currents, Marine Life of Indian Ocean, Mineral Resources, Sea Routes, Ports and Harbours
Thermohaline Circulation and the Oceanic Conveyor Belt [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Structure and Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere
- Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere: Structure of the Atmosphere- On the Basis of Physical Properties, on the Basis of Chemical Properties
- 2
- Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere: Composition of the Atmosphere- Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) , Ozone (O3) , Water Vapour, Dust Particles, Aerosols
Lapse Rate and Stability [6 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Atmospheric Stability and Instability: Stability in Saturated and Unsaturated Air, Atmospheric Stability
- Atmospheric Stability and Instability: Atmospheric Instability
- 2
- Atmospheric Stability and Instability: Types of Stability and Instability
- Atmospheric Stability and Instability: Representing Air Stability (Tephigram)
- 3
- Atmospheric Stability, Absolute Stability, Absolute Instability, Conditional Instability
- Convectional Instability: Mechanical Instability, Changes in Stability
Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming
- Quantity of Greenhouse Gases, Changes in Land Cover, Plate Tectonics and Volcanic Eruptions and Ocean Currents and Carbon Dioxide Content
- 2
- Global Warming, Gases, Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) & Effects
Cloud Formation and Precipitation Processes [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Insolation and Heat Budget, Radiation Balance [7 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Ultra-Violet Radiation
- Energy Budget: Incoming Energy
- 2
- Energy Budget: Outgoing Energy
- Energy Budget: Surface Radiation, Heat Transfer in Ocean
- 3
- Heat Budget, Heat Balance and Greenhouse Conditions: Introduction, Concept of Heat Budget, Incoming Shortwave Solar Radiation, Processes Involved with Incoming Radiation, Outgoing Longwave Terrestrial Radiation, Processes Involved with Outgoing Radiation
- Heat Budget: Heat Balance, Latitude-Wise Temporal Variation in Received Energy, Diurnal and Horizontal Variations in Irradiance
- 4
- Variations in Reflected Solar Radiation: Net Radiation, Incoming and Outgoing Radiation Across the Latitudes, Greenhouse Conditions, Balancing Act
Climatic and Sea Level Changes on Different Time Scales [10 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Sea-Level Changes: Measures of Sea Level, Causes of Sea Level Change
- Sea-Level Changes: Global Sea Level Rise
- 2
- Law of the Sea: UNCLOS I, UNCLOS II
- Law of the Sea: UNCLOS III
- 3
- Marine Pollution: Introduction, Harmful Effects of Marine Pollution, Sources and Effects of Marine Pollution
- Marine Pollution: Specific Examples (Causes and Effects)
- 4
- Coastal Zone Management
- Principles and Premises, Fundamental Elements of Coastal Zone Management
- 5
- Typical Economic Sectors of Coastal Countries to be Integrated in ICZM
- Holocene SL Curve
El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
General Weather System of India [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Environmental Earth Sciences [174 Notes- 10% Effort]
Properties of Water [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Hydrological Cycle [61 Notes- 3% Effort]
- 1
- Hydrology: Its History and Branches; Hydrology, Importance of Water for Life and Environment, Historical Concept of Water and Human Settlement, History of Water Use and Consumption
- Hydrological Cycle; Introduction, Hydrologic Cycle, Components of Hydrologic Cycle
- 2
- Global vs Terrestrial Hydrologic Cycle; Global Water Balance, River Basin as a Hydrologic Unit, Hydrologic Cycle and Natural Hazards, Hydrologic Units and Measurements
- The Hydrosphere; Cyclic Movement of Water, the Hydrologic Cycle
- 3
- Hydrological Cycle: Basics, Process
- Channel Morphology: Introduction
- 4
- Channel Morphology: Channel Geometry, Channel Fluid Dynamics
- Channel Morphology: Hydraulic Geometry
- 5
- Channel Morphology: Channel Bed Topography
- Channel Morphology: Channel Types
- 6
- Ground Water: Introduction, Types of Water
- Ground Water: Zones of Underground Water
- 7
- Ground Water: Aquifers, Water Table
- Ground Water: Movement of Groundwater
- 8
- Ground Water: Factors Affecting Groundwater Flow
- Ground Water: Factors Affecting Ground Water Presence
- 9
- Hydrological Cycle: Processes in Hydrological Cycle
- Ground Water: Occurrence and ItÕs Affecting Factors
- 10
- Vertical Distribution of Groundwater: Groundwater Zones, Groundwater and Hydrological System
- Occurrence of Groundwater: Controlling Factors: Topography, Climate, Geology
- 11
- Movement of Groundwater: Aquifer Depletion: Threats of Overuse, Water Quality Deterioration, Contamination of Ground Water
- Ground Water Resources Estimation and Production
- 12
- Transmissivity: Ground Water Resource Estimation Methodology, Delineation of Watershed for Ground Water Recharge
- Ground Water Level Fluctuation Method: Monsoon Season; Dry Season; Ground Water Development
- 13
- Types of Aquifers, Their Location and Aquiclude, Aquitard and Aquifuge
- Classification: Human Dependence on Groundwater, Subsidence
- 14
- Saltwater Intrusion: Salination, Examples, Aquifers in India, Long-Term Sustainability Plan
- DarcyÕs Law: Porosity, Permeability, Transmissibility, Specific Yield, Specific Retention and Hydraulic Conductivity
- 15
- What is Permeability: Factors Affecting Permeability of Soils, Aquifer, Object, EquipmentÕs, Test Procedure
- What is Porosity: Principle of Ground Water Flow, Darcy Allows an Estimate, Darcy & Seepage Velocity, Equations of Groundwater Flow
- 16
- DarcyÕs Law - Transmissivity: Hydraulic Conductivity, Specific Yield and Retention, Specific Storage, Transient Saturated Flow, Steady State Flow to Well, Confined Aquifer, Validity of Henry Darcy Law
- Basin Hydrology
- 17
- Surface Runoff on a Farmland ā Note the Soil Being Eroded Due to Runoff: Careers in Hydrology
- River Regimes and Channel Flows
- 18
- Pressure Distribution: The Energy Principle, Equation, Hydraulic Grade, Energy Grade, Losses and Gains
- Principles of Watershed Management
- 19
- Why Watershed Need to be Developed: Watershed Management Approaches, Principles of Watershed Management
- Constituents of Watershed Management: Watershed Threats and Its Protection, Dynamics of Watershed Management
- 20
- Runoff Estimates from Watersheds and Hydrological Modeling
- Methods of Run-Off Estimation
- 21
- Table Method: Hydrograph, Application of Runoff Estimation in Hydrological Modeling
- Domestic Use of Water-General Trends and Issues of Water Supply in Urban and Rural Areas
- 22
- Domestic Water Consumption and Supply (Develop/Developing Countries-Urban/Rural)
- Utilization of Waste Water and Other Low-Quality Water
- 23
- Waste Water Treatment: Objectives, Chlorination
- Wastewater Utilisation: Environmental Benefits from Use of Waste Water, Negative Environmental Effects
- 24
- Impacts of Anthropogenic Interventions in Surface Water Storage Systems
- Anthropogenic Interventions in Surface Water Storage System
- 25
- Anthropogenic Intervention and Their Impacts
- Geospatial Techniques and Watershed Mapping
- 26
- Contribution of Plants and Vegetation in Balancing Water: Water Balance of Atmosphere, Water Bodies, Points to Remember
- Water Balance and Drought: About Groundwater or Hydrological Drought
- 27
- Water Availability, Scarcity and Climate Change
- Water Cycle
- 28
- Sustainable Mitigation Strategies for Water
- Sustainable and Efficient Usage of Water
- 29
- IWRM: Benefits, Improving Integration of Policies between Water, Agriculture, Environment and Energy Policies, Mitigation Strategies to Cater to Threat of Water Shortages, Developing Water Management Plans
- Water Quality; Water Pollution and Contamination of Surface
- 30
- Surface Water Pollution: Ground Water Pollution
- Coastal Water Systems
- 31
- Water Quality: Problems of Salinity and Alkalinity
Water Resources and Management [40 Notes- 2% Effort]
- 1
- Water Resource Management
- Distribution of Water in Various Reservoirs; Water Balance Equation, Human Pressure on Water Resources, Shortage of Water, Importance of WorldÕs Water, Global Water Management Concepts
- 2
- Drainage System and Watersheds: Formations by Westward and Eastward Rivers
- Drainage System and Watersheds: Himalayan Rivers
- 3
- Drainage System and Watersheds: Peninsular East Flowing Rivers
- Drainage System and Watersheds: Peninsular West Flowing Rivers
- 4
- Surface and Ground Water Resources: Water Situation in India
- Surface and Ground Water Resources: Groundwater Development
- 5
- Surface and Ground Water Resources: Surface Water Resources
- Surface and Ground Water Resources: Urgent Need for Water Resources Management
- 6
- Surface and Ground Water Resources: Challenges in Management of Water Resources
- Surface and Ground Water Resources: Strategic Options for Water Resource Management
- 7
- Surface and Ground Water Resources: Water Conservation Efforts
- Linkage of Rivers: Introduction
- 8
- Linkage of Rivers: Schemes for River Linkages
- Linkage of Rivers: Successful Projects Worldwide, Reasons for River Interlinking in India
- 9
- Linkage of Rivers: Achievements of Inter-Linking Project in India
- Linkage of Rivers: Benefits of River Interlinking, Disadvantages of River Interlinking
- 10
- Policy Model of India in Resource Management: Institutions and Policy Models, Policies Model in Water Sector, Critical Appreciation
- Water Resource: Distribution, Use Pattern and Scarcity
- 11
- Water Resource: Distribution, Use Pattern and Scarcity, Water Resources Scenario in India, Water Availability Use Pattern and Scarcity, Water Scarcity and Related Problems
- The Ten Largest River Basins in India
- 12
- Domestic Water Use in India: Summing up
- National Water Resources Policy
- 13
- National Water Resource Policy and Programme Requirement: Water Related Programmes and Policies Timeline
- Interlinking of River Programme: Challenges
- 14
- Inter Basin Water Transfer ā Study of the Interlinking of River Projects, India
- Himalayan Components of Interlinking Project
- 15
- Peninsular Components of Interlinking of Rivers
- Issue and Problems: Advantage of Inter ā Linking of River (ILR) , Disadvantage of Inter-Linking of Rivers (ILR)
- 16
- Integrated Water Resource Management
- Benefits from IWRM: The Pillars of IWRM
- 17
- Status Report of Implementation of Integrated Water Resource Management Approach: Challenges in Implementation of IWRM in Developing Countries, Conclusion and Recommendations
- Water Scarcity: India to Become Water Stressed by 2050
- 18
- A Panoromic View of Water Situation in a Few States: Water Scarcity Status in River Basins, Water Quality, Water Quality Standards
- Water Quality Status in India: Climate Change and Water Resource in India, Climate Change in India
- 19
- Climate Change and Water Resources: Climate Change and Its Impacts on Water Resource
- Surface Water Resources: Vulnerability and Resilience
- 20
- Water Resources in India
- Problems of Surface Water Resources
Energy Resources [20 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Energy Resources: Conventional Energy Resources (Coal)
- Energy Resources: Conventional Energy Resources (Petroleum)
- 2
- Energy Resources: Conventional Energy Resources (Natural Gas, Thermal and Nuclear Electricity Sources)
- Energy Resources: Non-Conventional Energy Resources
- 3
- Mineral Resources: Mineral Belts of India
- Mineral Resources: Major Mining Centers
- 4
- Mineral Resources: Iron-Ore
- Mineral Resources: Manganese
- 5
- Mineral Resources: Aluminum (Bauxite)
- Mineral Resources: Copper
- 6
- Mineral Resources: Chromite, Lead
- Mineral Resources: Zinc, Tungsten
- 7
- Mineral Resources: Gold
- Mineral Resources: Silver, Mica
- 8
- Mineral Resources: Limestone
- Mineral Resources: Diamond, Distribution of Other Major Minerals
- 9
- Mineral Resources: Problems of Mining Industry, Conservation of Minerals
- Energy Crisis: Energy in Indian Scenario, Oil Production in India, Energy Crisis in India
- 10
- Energy Crisis: Reasons for Energy Crisis in India, Remedies to Energy Crisis
- Energy Crisis: Renewable Energy Targets
Uses [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Alternatives and Management [9 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Disaster Management Risk Mitigation: Assessing Institutional Preparedness for MFIs, Role of MFIs in Disaster Risk Mitigation (DRM)
- Disaster Management Risk Mitigation: Purpose of Being Prepared for Disaster, Approaches for Preparedness of MFIs
- 2
- Disaster Management Risk Mitigation: Potential for Microfinance, Assessment of Institutional Preparedness of MFIs
- Disaster Management Risk Mitigation: Preparedness for Management Information Systems (MIS)
- 3
- Disaster Management Risk Mitigation: Preparedness for Liquidity Management, Preparedness for Portfolio Management System, Summary, Reference
- Task Force in Disaster Management: National Disaster Management Act 2005
- 4
- Vulnerability: Capacity, Risk, What is Disaster Management
- Vulnerability: Disaster Management Cycle, Pre-Disaster Phase, During a Disaster (Disaster Occurrence)
- 5
- Vulnerability: After a Disaster (Post-Disaster) , Importance of Disaster Management Cycle, Classification of Natural Disaster, Majors Types of Disasters
Ecology and Biodiversity [12 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Deforestation: Causes of Deforestation, Problems of Deforestation
- Deforestation: Conservation of Forests
- 2
- Deforestation: Notable Efforts
- Biogeography: Major Terms a to P
- 3
- Biogeography: Major Terms P to Z
- Human Ecological Changes: Acclimatization, Effect of Limiting Factors on Organisms: LiebigÕs, ShelfordÕs and BlackmanÕs Laws
- 4
- Human Ecological Changes: Classification of Human Changes
- Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Reduction in Biodiversity (Levels, Importance & Threat)
- 5
- Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Reduction in Biodiversity (IUCN & Indian Scenario)
- Environmental Geography: Major Terms
- 6
- Concepts, Types and Distribution of Biodiversity
- Biodiversity Hotspots and Hope Spots
Impact of Use of Energy and Land on the Environment [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Impact of Use of Energy on the Environment: Types of Energy Resources and Their Effects on Environment
- Non-Renewable Energy Resources
- 2
- Renewable Energy Resources
- Impact of Use of Land on the Environment
Exploitation and Conservation of Mineral and Other Natural Resources [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Exploitation and Conservation of Mineral Resources
- Exploitation and Conservation of Natural Resources
Natural Hazards [20 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Forest Fire: Types of Forest Fire, Effects of Wildfires and Prevention
- Hazard Analysis: Types and Purpose of Hazards, Hazard Analysis
- 2
- Heat Waves: Disaster Management: Heatwave is Not Considered a Natural Disaster
- Landslides and Their Controls: Type and Classification of Landslides
- 3
- Geohazards and Disaster Management: Hazard, Various Types of Hazards
- Earthquakes: Causes of Earthquakes, General Characteristics, Impact and Effects of Earthquake Disasters
- 4
- Earthquakes: Distribution Pattern of Earthquakes in India, Socio-Environmental Consequences of Earthquakes, Earthquake Hazard Mitigation
- Tsunami: Characteristics of Tsunami, Lists of Tsunamis That Affected India & Mitigation
- 5
- Tsunami: Mitigation & Management, Tropical Cyclone, Characteristics of Cyclone, the Development of a Cyclone Covers Three Stages Namely
- Indian Cyclone: Distributional Pattern, Impacts of Tropical Cyclone, Warning, Mitigation
- 6
- Floods: Types of Floods, Causes of Floods, Floods Affected Areas in India, Impacts of Floods, Positive Impacts of Floods, Warning, Mitigation
- Droughts: Types of Drought, Causes of Drought, Drought Prone Area in India, Distribution Pattern, Effects of Drought, Mitigation
- 7
- Landslides: Causes of Landslide, Type of Landslides, Landslide Vulnerability Zones, Impacts of Landslides, Mitigation
- Volcanoes: Types of Volcanoes, Characteristic of Volcanic Eruptions, Classification Based on Mode of Eruptions, Causes of Volcanoes, Impacts of Volcanoes, Major Accidents, Causes of Accidents, Mitigation
- 8
- Ultra-Violet Radiation: UV Index & Recommended Protections, Factors Affecting UV Radiation Reaching Earth
- Thunderstorms and Tornadoes: Introduction, Thunderstorms: Definition and Classification
- 9
- Life Cycle of Thunderstorms: Severe Thunderstorms and Supercell Thunderstorms, Weather Conditions During Thunderstorms, Distribution of Thunderstorms
- Tornadoes: Formation of Tornadoes, Distribution of Tornadoes, Waterspouts
- 10
- Water Balance and Drought
- Problems of Flood and Drought
Elements of Remote Sensing [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Mineral and Petrology [81 Notes- 4% Effort]
Concept of Point Group [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Concept of Point Group: Point Groups and Their Operations
- Dihedral Point Groups:
- 2
- Linear Point Groups: , the Groups
Reciprocal Lattice [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Concepts of Crystal Field Theory and Mineralogical Spectroscopy [6 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Crystal Projections; Principles; Stereographic Net (Crystal Symmetry) Notes
- Crystal Defects
- 2
- Impurity, Line, Plane, Surface and Volume Defects
- Use of Projection Diagrams to Represent Crystal Symmetry
- 3
- Crystal Field Theory (CFT)
- D-Orbitals and Ligand Interaction
TEM and SEM Applications [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Scanning Electron Microscope: Basic Components of SEM Electron Optics, Basic Signals of SEM, Advantage, Disadvantage, Applications
- Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) , Working Principal and Construction
- 2
- TEM Applications, Advantages and Disadvantages
Lattice Defects [7 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Line Defects: Dislocations, Edge Dislocations, Motion of Edge Dislocation, Screw Dislocations, Mixed Dislocation
- Dislocation Movement: Characteristics of Dislocations
- 2
- Planar Defects: Grain Boundaries in Polycrystals, Volume or Bulk Defects, Stacking Faults and Twin Boundaries
- Point Defect: Self-Interstitial, Substitutional Impurity, Interstitial Impurity, Vacancies, Schottky Imperfection
- 3
- Dislocation and Types of Dislocations
- Planar Defects, Lattice Defects
- 4
- Point Lattice Defect
Electrical, Magnetic and Optical Properties of Minerals [14 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Twinning and Twin Laws; Type of Twins; Twin Classification; Twin Laws
- Birefringence
- 2
- Double Refraction
- HuygenÕs Explanation of Double Refraction in Uniaxial Crystal
- 3
- Extinction Angle
- Optical Properties of Common Rock Forming Minerals
- 4
- Pleochroism
- Twinning and Dispersion in Minerals
- 5
- Optical Properties of Minerals
- Form; Shape, Habit, Colour
- 6
- Optical Properties under Plane Polarized Light
- Optical Properties between Cross Nicols
- 7
- Interference Colors
- Extinction, Twinning, Zoning
Bonding and Crystal Structures of Common Oxides, Sulphides, and Silicates [15 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Alumino-Silicate Group; the Classification of Alumino-Silicates Based on Tetrahedron; Structure and Chemistry; Crystallographic Properties; Physical Properties
- Alumino-Silicate Group; Optical Properties; Occurrence; Use Notes
- 2
- Inosilicates-Pyroxene Group; the Classification of Ino-Silicates Based on Tetrahedron; Structure and Chemistry
- Inosilicates-Pyroxene Group; the Pyroxenoids; Crystallographic Properties of Pyroxenes; Physical Properties; Optical Properties; Uses of Pyroxenes
- 3
- Inosilicates- Amphibole Group; Structure and Chemistry; Crystallographic Properties; Physical Properties; Optical Properties; Occurrence of Amphiboles; Uses of Amphiboles
- Phyllosilicates: Structure and Classification; Tetrahedral Octahedral Mismatch in the Layer Silicates
- 4
- Phyllosilicates; Structure and Classification: Tetrahedral Octahedral Mismatch in the Layer Silicates: Representative Minerals
- Tektosilicates- Feldspar Group; the Classification of Alumino-Silicates Based on Tetrahedron: Structure and Chemistry
- 5
- Tektosilicates- Quartz; the Classification of Alumino-Silicates Based on Tetrahedron; Structure and Chemistry
- Halide Group
- 6
- Mineral Structures
- Structural Classification of Silicates
- 7
- Sulphide Group
- Sulfide Mineral Deposits: Origin & Reducing Conditions
- 8
- Sulphides: Galena is a Lead Sulfide, , Marcasite , Pyrite, Iron Sulfide , Molydenite, , Sphalerite ZnS
Transformation of Minerals [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Isomorphism and Polymorphism
- Polymorphs and Isomorphs
- 2
- Polymorphism, Transformation of Minerals
- Four Types of Polymorphism: Reconstructive, Displacive, Order-Disorder Polymorphism, and Polytypism
- 3
- Four Types of Polymorphism: Reconstructive, Displacive, Order-Disorder Polymorphism, and Polytypism: Order-Disorder Polymorphism, Polytypism
Solid Solution and Exsolution [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Solid Solutions: Types, Hume Rothery Rules for the Formation of Substitutional Solid Solutions
- Solid Solution: Types, Hume Rothery Rules for the Formation of Substitutional Solid Solutions
Space Group [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Space Groups, Mineral and Petrology
- HM Symbols of Space Groups in Conventional Settings; for Non-Conventional Descriptions of Space Groups: Triclinic Space Groups, Monoclinic Space Groups, Orthorhombic Space Groups
- 2
- HM Symbols of Space Groups in Conventional Settings; for Non-Conventional Descriptions of Space Groups: Tetragonal Space Groups, Trigonal Space Groups, Hexagonal Space Groups, Rhombohedral Space Groups, Cubic Space Groups
Magma - Mixing - Mingling and - Immiscibility [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Metamorphic Structures and Textures [10 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Kinds of Metamorphism
- Structures of Metamorphism
- 2
- Metamorphic Grades and Zones
- Structure of Metamorphic Rocks
- 3
- Textures of Metamorphic Rocks: Palimpsest & Typomorphic Texture
- Crystalloblastic Texture, Reaction Texture, Factors Affecting Textures in Metamorphic Rocks and Importance of Studying Metamorphic Textures
- 4
- Types and Agents of Metamorphism
- Intergrowth Texture, Texture Depending on Shape Importance of Studying Metamorphic Textures Factors Affecting Textures in Metamorphic Rocks
- 5
- Isograds and Facies
- Metamorphic Facies: Facies of Low Pressure, Facies of Low Grades, Facies of Medium Pressure, Facies of High Pressure, Characteristics
Petrogenetic Aspects of Important Rock Suites of India [10 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Structural Geology and Geotectonics [37 Notes- 1% Effort]
Theory of Stress and Strain [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Stress and Strain Ellipsoid and Stress-Strain Relationships of Elastic
- Stress and Strain Ellipsoid and Stress-Strain Relationships of Elastic: Stress Notation, State of Stress, Stress Ellipsoid, Conditions
- 2
- Stress and Strain Ellipsoid and Stress-Strain Relationships of Elastic: Elastic Wave Energy or Strain Energy
Behaviour of Rocks under Stress [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Behaviour of Rocks and Materials under Deformed Conditions: Stages of Deformation
- Behaviour of Rocks and Materials under Deformed Conditions: Brittle and Ductile Deformation
Various States of Stress and Their Representation by Mohr Circles [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Geological and Geophysical Characteristics of Plate Boundaries [30 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Major Boundary Problems- Cambrian/Precambrian
- Precambrian
- 2
- Phanerozoic Life: Cambrian Explosion
- Phanerozoic Life: An Overview of the Key Milestones in the Evolution of Life on Land, Why They Are Important to Study
- 3
- Continental Drift
- Continental Drift: Basis of Evidence
- 4
- Continental Drift: Premises and Mechanism of Continental Drift
- Continental Drift: Process of the Theory
- 5
- Continental Drift: Criticism of WegenerÕs Theory, WegenerÕs Theory Superseded by Plate Tectonics and Sea Floor Spreading
- Plate Tectonics: Introduction, Historical Evolution of Concept
- 6
- Plate Tectonics: Structural Elements of Plate Tectonics, Processes in Plate Tectonics
- Plate Tectonics: Plate Boundaries
- 7
- Plate Tectonics: Mountain Building Due to Plate Tectonics
- Mountain Building: Classification of Mountains
- 8
- Mountain Building: Theories of Mountain Building or Orogeny Part - 1
- Mountain Building: Theories of Mountain Building or Orogeny Part - 2
- 9
- Mountain Building
- Subduction-Type Orogenesis Along Continental Margins
- 10
- Isostasy: Concept of Airy
- Isostasy: Concept of Archdeacon Pratt, Hayford and Bowie
- 11
- Isostasy: Concept of Jolly
- Continental Drift Theory & Mechanism
- 12
- Basis for Continental Drift Theory
- Evidence in Support of the Continental Drift
- 13
- Why Continental Drift Theory Was Considered as an Impossible Hypothesis?
- Plate Tectonics
- 14
- What is a Plate?
- Plate Tectonics: Features Formed
- 15
- Case Study: Subduction Zones in the Circum Pacific Belt
- Accretionary Prism
Geodynamic Evolution of Himalaya [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Paleontology and Its Applications [33 Notes- 1% Effort]
Modes of Preservation of Fossils and Taphonomic Considerations [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Types of Microfossils [23 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Different Kinds of Microfossils: Foraminifera, Pteropod, Conodonts,
- Different Kinds of Microfossils: Diatoms, Radiolaria, Silicoflagellate
- 2
- Megafossils and Microfossils
- Palaeontology: What Are Fossils, Application, Classification, Body Fossils, Trace Fossils, Coprolites, Pseudo, Significance
- 3
- Phanerozoic Life: Basic Morphology, Molluskan Origins, Molluskan Classification, Mollusk Shells
- Gastropods, General Gastropod Morphology: Overview of the General Gastropod Morphology
- 4
- Gastropods, General Gastropod Morphology: Evolutionary History of Gastropods, General Morphology, Overview of the Key Morphological Features of Bivalves
- Gastropods, General Gastropod Morphology: Bernad and Munier-Chalmas, Evolutionary History, Bivalve Ecology, Cephalopods, Morphology, Coleoidea, Evolutionary History Nautiloids, Ammonoids, Coleoids
- 5
- Gastropods, General Gastropod Morphology: Morphology of Nautiloids, Morphology of Ammonoids, Ammonoid Suture, Evolutionary History of Ammonoids- Palaeozoic Era, Mesozoic Era, Importance in Biostratigraphy, Palaeoecology
- Graptolites, Significance, Morphology & Evolutionary History
- 6
- Echinodermata: Echinoderms Possess a Number of Distinctive Features, Evolutionary History, Classification
- Corals, Scleractinian Corals
- 7
- Vertebrates, Ichthyostega and Acanthostega
- Tetrapod Evolution and Climate Change
- 8
- Key Features and Characteristics of Synapsids Include: Primates and Humans
- Key Features and Characteristics of Synapsids Include: Diapsids, Evolutionary History, Theropod Dinosaurs, Ornithischians, or Bird-Hipped Dinosaurs, Sauropods, Birds
- 9
- Microfossils, Mineral-Walled Microfossils: Key Points About Microfossils Include, Mineral-Walled Microfossils, Two Main Modes of Life, the Tests of Foraminifers
- Microfossils, Mineral-Walled Microfossils: Geological Range, Radiolarians, Morphology, Diatoms, Morphology
- 10
- Non-Mineral (Organic) Walled Microfossils
- Types of Microfossils
- 11
- Radiolarians, Diatoms
- Non-Mineral (Organic) Walled Microfossils
- 12
- Acritarchs: Spores and Pollen, Significance of Microfossils
Use of Microfossils in Interpretation of Sea Floor Tectonism [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Application of Microfossils in Petroleum Exploration: Application of Microfossils in Petroleum Exploration
- Application of Microfossils in Correlation: Application of Microfossils in Correlation, Correlation
- 2
- Application of Microfossils in Paleo-Climatic and Paleo Oceanographic Studies, Introduction, Application of Microfossils in Paleo-Climatic and Paleo Oceanographic Studies
- Application of Microfossils: Hydrocarbon Exploration
Important Invertebrate Fossils, Vertebrate Fossils, Plant Fossils and Microfossils [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Sedimentology and Stratigraphy [113 Notes- 6% Effort]
Clastic Sediments [10 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Clastic Sediments
- Microscopic Characters of Non-Clastic Rocks
- 2
- Sedimentary Rocks; Deposition of Sediments and Related Environments, Diagenesis, Economic Importance of Sedimentary Rocks
- Sand and Classification of Sand
- 3
- Classification Based on Size of Particles and Grading of Sand
- Classification of Sand Based on Composition, Use of Sand in Construction Purpose and Properties of Good Sand
- 4
- Gravel
- Mud: Structure, Function, Types, Displacement, Earlier Studies
- 5
- Sand: Classification on the Basis of Formation
- Classification on the Basis of Size of Particles
Biogenic, Chemical and Volcanogenic Sediments [6 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Biogenic Sediments
- Biomineralized Carbonate Sediments
- 2
- Carbonate Muds
- Chemical Sediments
- 3
- Cherts, Sedimentary Phosphates, Sedimentary Ironstone
- Carbonaceous (Organic) , Deposits
Classification of Conglomerates, Sandstones and Mudstones and Carbonate Rocks [44 Notes- 2% Effort]
- 1
- Concepts of Sedimentary Environments; Facies Analysis; Classification of Sedimentary Environments
- Glacial Environments; Types of Glacial; Processes Operating; Characteristics of Glacial
- 2
- Fluvial Systems and Deposits; Alluvial Fan; River: Braided Stream Deposit Notes
- Fluvial Systems and Deposits; Alluvial Fan; River; Rivers in Incised Valleys
- 3
- Eolian Environment; Bedforms; Eolian Stratifications; Facies Distribution and Bounding Surfaces Within Eolian Environment
- Lacustrine Environment; Sedimentation Processes, Stratifications and Circulations Within Lakes; Characterization of the Lacustrine Environment
- 4
- Delta and Estuary; Classification of Delta
- Delta and Estuary: Recognition of Deltaic Sediments and Character of Delta Succession, Recognition of Deltaic Sediments and Character of Delta Succession; Estuary: Its Classification, Vertical Succession of Estuarine Product
- 5
- Clastic Non-Deltaic Environments: Beach, Barrier Lagoon, Tide-Dominated
- Clastic Shallow Marine Environments: Shoreface and Shelf Notes
- 6
- Deep Marine Sedimentary Environments; Deep Sea Sediments and Sedimentation Processes
- Deep Marine Sedimentary Environments; Submarine Fan; Vertical Succession of Submarine Fan
- 7
- Application of Radiogenic and Stable Isotopes in Reconstruction of Paleo-Environments
- Stable Isotopes in Paleoenvironments, Reconstruction of Past Climate
- 8
- Petroleum: Its Different State of Occurrence, Composition and Physical Properties of Crudes in Nature
- Petroleum: Its Different State of Occurrence, Composition and Physical Properties of Crudes in Nature; Types of Organic Matter and Hydrocarbon Generation
- 9
- Maturation of Kerogen: Biogenic and Thermal Effects; Organic Matters and Kerogen Types; Agents of Transformation
- Maturation of Kerogen: Biogenic and Thermal Effects; Tracking Maturation History of Kerogen Using Organic-Geochemical and Optical Paleo Thermometers; Parameters of Effective Oil Source Rock
- 10
- Primary Migration of Petroleum; Mechanism of Primary Migration of Petroleum
- Secondary Migration of Petroleum: Secondary Migration of Petroleum under Hydrostatic Condition
- 11
- Secondary Migration of Petroleum: Secondary Migration under Hydrodynamic Condition: Distance of Secondary Migration
- Migration of Petroleum: Physico Chemical Aspects of Migration of Petroleum
- 12
- Hydrocarbon Traps: Basic Trap-Fluid Nomenclature, Classification of Traps Notes
- Plate Tectonic and Global Distribution of Hydrocarbon Reserves
- 13
- Plate Tectonic and Global Distribution of Hydrocarbon Reserves; Sedimentary Basins and Hydrocarbon Occurrences; Global Hydrocarbon Reserve Distribution
- Minerals of Carbonates
- 14
- What Are Depositional Environments
- Depositional Environment Type: Sedimentary Environment
- 15
- Depositional Environment Type: Continental Environment
- Depositional Environment Type: Transitional Environment
- 16
- Depositional Environment Type: Marine Environment
- Depositional Environment Type: Other Types of Environment
- 17
- Petrography of Sedimentary Rocks
- Mineral Composition of Clastic Rocks
- 18
- Litharenite, Greywacke
- Shale
- 19
- Classification of Conglomerates
- On the Basis of the Dominant Grade of the Constituent Gravels in Following Three Types
- 20
- Classification of Sandstones
- Composition of Sandstones
- 21
- Feldspathic Arenites, Lithic Arenites
- Classification of Carbonates
- 22
- Classification of Mudstones
- Classification Systems of Mudrocks
Flow Regimes and Processe S of Sediment Transport [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Sedimentary Process: Introduction, Physical Processes
- Chemical Processes; Biological Processes, Conclusion
- 2
- Location of Sample: Preparation of Sample, Laboratory Analysis, Homogenization, Sample Transport and Storage, Sample Handling
Sedimentary Textures and Structures [12 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Sedimentary Structures: Primary and Syn-Sedimentary Structures, Palaeocurrent (Scalar and Vector) Analysis
- Sedimentary Structures: Primary Sedimentary Structures - Bedform & Flow Regime
- 2
- Sedimentary Structures: Primary Sedimentary Structures & Depositional Environment
- Sedimentary Structures: Classification ā Primary & Secondary
- 3
- Ripple Marks, Dunes
- Cross-Stratification and Bed Forms
- 4
- Post-Depositional, Primary Organic Sedimentary Structures, Secondary Sedimentary Structures
- Sedimentology: An Outline; Introduction, Sedimentology, Sedimentary Basin
- 5
- Collection and Preparation of Samples: Introduction, Sample Design, Collections of Samples
- Sedimentary Structures
- 6
- Sedimentary Textures and Structures: Grain Size
- Sedimentary Textures and Structures: Particle Shape, Fabric and Grain Orientation
Sedimentary Facies and Environments [7 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Provenance
- Sedimentary Facies
- 2
- Types of Sedimentary Facies, Utilization of Sedimentary Facies, Importance of Sedimentary Facies
- Depositional Environments: Introduction, Importance of Depositional Environments, Factors Controlling Depositional Environment, Types of Depositional Environment - Continental
- 3
- Types of Depositional Environments: Deltaic; Types of Deltas, Shallow Water Marine Environment, Deep Water Marine Environment, Reef, Evaporites, Glacial, Recognition of Depositional Environments in Ancient Sediments
- Sedimentary Facies; WaltherÕs Law, Sedimentary Structures, Sedimentary Texture, Surface Features, Energy in the Depositional Environment, Trace Fossils
- 4
- Sedimentary Facies and Environments
Formation and Evolution of Sedimentary Basins [10 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Sedimentary Basins and Mechanism of Basin Subsidence
- Classification of Sedimentary Basins, Sedimentary Basin Analysis and Basin Mapping Methods
- 2
- Classification of Indian Basins and Petroleum Geology of Assam, Bengal and Cauvery Basins
- Classification of Indian Basins and Petroleum Geology of Assam & Bengal Basins
- 3
- Classification of Indian Basins and Petroleum Geology of Cauvery Basins
- Sedimentary Basins of India
- 4
- Evolution of a Sedimentary Basin, Methods of Formation
- Evolution of Sedimentary Basins
- 5
- Transform Boundaries
- Formation of Sedimentary Basins
Code of Stratigraphic Nomenclature [8 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Biostratigraphy
- 10 ā Chrono-Stratigraphy
- 2
- Lithostratigraphy
- Pliocene/Pleistocene
- 3
- Code of Stratigraphic Nomenclature: Introduction, Principle of Stratigraphy, Stratigraphic Nomenclature
- Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point
- 4
- Stratotypes
- Code of Stratigraphic Nomenclature
Methods of Startigraphic Correlation Including Shaw's Graphic Correlation [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Concept of Sequence Stratigraphy [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Concept of Sequence Stratigraphy
- Sequence Stratigraphy: Accomodation Space, Bed Set Terminations, Reflector Terminations and System Tracts
- 2
- System Tract, Sequence Boundaries and Applications
Rates of Sediment Accumulation, Unconformities [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Facies Concept in Stratigraphy - Walther's Law [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Earth's Climatic History [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- EarthÕs Climatic History
- Quantity of Greenhouse Gases, Changes in Land Cover, Plate Tectonics and Volcanic Eruptions and Ocean Currents and Carbon Dioxide Content
Phanerozoic Stratigraphy of India with Reference to the Type Area [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Marine Geology and Paleoceangraphy [12 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Morphologic and Tectonic Domains of the Ocean Floor [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Morphologic and Tectonic Domains of the Ocean Floor; Introduction, the Oceans and Seas of the World, the EarthÕs Crust, Bathymetry and Topography, Hypsometric Charts
- General Profile of the Oceans; Deep Ocean Basins, the Enormous Ocean Floors, Sediment Bowl, Conclusion
Structure, Composition and Mechanism of the Formation of Oceanic Crust [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Oceanic Sediments: Factors Controlling the Deposition and Distribution of Oceanic Sediments [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Ocean Deposits: Classification of Deposits Based on Source
- Ocean Deposits: Classification Based on Sediments, Classification Based on Location of Deposits, Classification on Basis of Location by Murray, Classification by Jenkins
- 2
- Marine Resources: Mineral Resources, Energy Resources
- Coral Bleaching: Impact of Coral Bleaching, Coral Bleaching Events
Tectonic Evolution of the Ocean Basins [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Geochemistry [21 Notes- 1% Effort]
The Periodic Table [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Phase Rule and Its Applications in Petrology [13 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Concept and Classification of Metamorphic Facies and Facies Series; Introduction and Metamorphic Grade, Metamorphic Zones, and Concept of Isograd Mapping
- Concept and Classification of Metamorphic Facies and Facies Series; Introduction to High-Temperature and High-Pressure Metamorphism
- 2
- Concept and Classification of Metamorphic Facies and Facies Series
- Concept and Classification of Metamorphic Facies and Facies Series: Origin of Metamorphic Facies Series Concept; Introduction of High-Temperature and Hight-Pressure Metamorphism
- 3
- Geology ā Entropy, GibbÕs Free Energy and Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
- Geology ā Entropy, GibbÕs Free Energy and Clausius-Clapeyron Equation, Gibbs Free Energy (G)
- 4
- Entropy, GibbÕs Free Energy and Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
- Facies of Contact Metamorphism
- 5
- Pyroxene-Hornfels Facies
- Facies of Regional Metamorphism: Medium and Low Pressure Facies
- 6
- Facies of Regional Metamorphism: High Pressure Facies
- Granulite Facies
- 7
- Phase Rule
Thermodynamics of Reactions Involving Pure Phases, Ideal and Non-Idea Solutions and Fluids [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Elementary Thermodynamics
- Thermodynamic Behavior of Elementary Particles at the Changing of the Speed
- 2
- Entropy of Complex Systems
- From Complex Systems to Plasma
Radioactive Decay Schemes and Their Application to Geochronology and Petrogenesis [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Economic Geology [71 Notes- 3% Effort]
Magmatic, Hydrothermal and Surface Processes of Ore Formation [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Hydrothermal Processes of Ore Formation
- On the Basis of Temperature and Pressure of Formation, Hydrothermal Deposits Are Classified into the Following Types, Hydrothermal Mineralization, the Hydrothermal Deposits Have Been Classified into the Following Types Based Upon Their Mode of Formation
- 2
- Magmatic Process of Ore Formation
- Late Magmatic Process
- 3
- Surface Processes of Ore Formation/ (Sedimentation)
Methods of Mineral Deposit Studies Including Ore Microscopy [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Parts of the Petrographic/Polarizing Microscope
- International System of Crystallographic Notation
- 2
- Hermann-Mauguin Class Symbols
- Ore Minerals & Ore Petrology
- 3
- Components of the Microscope
Fluid Inclusions and Isotopic Systematics [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Fluid Inclusions: Classification, Criteria for Recognition of Fluid Inclusions
- Modification of Fluid Inclusions, Information Provided by Fluid Inclusions
Ores and Metamorphism - Cause and Effect Relationships [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Origin, Migration and Entrapment of Petroleum [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Migration of Petroleum
- Primary Migration, Secondary Migration
- 2
- Origin of Petroleum
- Petroleum Source Rocks, Theories of Origin of Petroleum
- 3
- Entrapment of Petroleum
Properties of Source and Reservoir Rocks [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Nesosilicates (Olivine and Garnet Group of Minerals) : Olivine Group
- Nesosilicates (Olivine and Garnet Group of Minerals) : Garnet Group
- 2
- Physical Characters of Rock Forming Silicate Mineral Groups
- Minerals with Non-Metallic Lustre
Structural, Stratigraphic and Combination Traps [6 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Metallogenic Epochs and Provinces
- Structural, Stratigraphic and Combination Traps
- 2
- Fault Traps: Normal Faults, Strike-Slip Faults, Thrust Faults, Growth Faults
- Stratigraphic Traps
- 3
- Sand Body Traps, Models of Stratigraphic Traps
- Combination Trap: Timing of Trap Formation
Methods of Petroleum Exploration [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Methods of Exploration and Mining Metallic Ores
- Mining, Impacts of Mining
- 2
- Methods of Petroleum Exploration
- Subsurface Exploration Methods
Petroliferous Basins of India [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Petroliferous Basins of India
- The Second Category, There Are Eight Basins, in the Third Category Are Four Basins
- 2
- Coming Now to the Fourth Category, Eight Basins Have Been Listed, Advantages of Sedimentary Basins
Origin of Peat, Lignite, Bitumen and Anthracite [12 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Strata - Bound Deposits; Sandstone Uranium-Vanadium-Base Metal Deposits
- Mineral Deposits in Relation to Plate Tectonic Settings; Interior Basins, Intracontinental Rifts and Aulacogens
- 2
- Mineral Deposits in Relation to Plate Tectonic Settings; Ocean Basins and Rises; Passive Continental Margins
- Mineral Deposits in Relation to Plate Tectonic Settings; Subduction-Related Settings
- 3
- Mineral Deposits in Relation to Plate Tectonic Settings; Strike-Slip Settings; Collision-Related Settings
- Strata - Bound Deposits; Introduction; Carbonate-Hosted Base Metal Deposits
- 4
- Process of Formation of Minerals Deposits
- The Magmatic Process of Formation of Mineral Deposits Includes the Following Processes
- 5
- Hydrothermal Process, Sublimation
- Sedimentary, Conclusion
- 6
- Economics Geology: Coal & Its Types
- Sub-Bituminous, Lignite
Classification, Rank and Grading of Coal [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Coal Petrography [7 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Deposits of Coal and Petroleum in India: Introduction
- Occurrences of Coal in India
- 2
- Indian Occurrences of Petroleum
- Economics Geology: Coal & Its Types
- 3
- Sub-Bituminous, Lignite
- Coal Petrography
- 4
- Origin of Coal Maceral; Coal Petrography
Coal Resources of India [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Estimation of Reserves of Ore
- Coal Resources of India
- 2
- Economics Geology: Coal & Its Types
- Sub-Bituminous, Lignite
Gas Hydrates and Coal Bed Methane [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Coal Bed Methane
- Production of Coal-Bed Methane
- 2
- Gas Hydrates, Marine Gas Hydrate
- Permafrost-Associated Gas Hydrate, Prospecting for Gas Hydrate, Gas Hydrate and Energy Resources
Nuclear and Non-Conventional Energy Resources [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Precambrian Geology and Crustal Evolusion [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Evolution of Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere, Osphere and Ryosphere [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Mobile Belts and Proterozoic Sedimentary Basins of India [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Quaternary Geology [35 Notes- 2% Effort]
Definition of Quaternary [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Quaternary Stratigraphy [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Quaternary Stratigraphy (Biostratigraphy) ; Micropaleontology, Biostratigraphy, Principles and Concepts of Biostratigraphy, Principle of Faunal Succession, Concept of Stage, Concept of Zone, Historical Review
- Biozonation; Biozone Correlation, Applied Biostratigraphy, Sequence Biostratigraphy, Biosteering, High-Impact Biostratigraphy, Ecobiostratigraphy, Graphic Correlation, Biotic Mass Extinctions
- 2
- Magneto Stratigraphy
- Oxygen Isotopes Stratigraphy
Quaternary Climates [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Proxy Indicators of Paleoclimatic Changes
- Important Recent Advances in the Development and Interpretation of Proxy Climate Indicators Are Described below
- 2
- Ice Cores, Pollen, Lake and Ocean Sediments, Borehole Measurements, Stable Isotopes of Oxygen
- Eustatic Changes: Factors Affecting Sea Level Rise: Eustatic Changes
- 3
- Glacial-Interglacial Cycles: Causes of Glacial ā Interglacial Cycles
Quaternary Dating Methods [12 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Amino-Acid
- Luminescence Dating
- 2
- Variations of Two Approaches Are Employed to Determine the DE, Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL)
- Sources of Error in Luminescence Dating, Applications of Luminescence Dating, Case Studies from France and Ghana
- 3
- Radiocarbon: Basic Principles
- Radiocarbon Measurement
- 4
- Extending the Radiocarbon Timescale, Sources of Error in Radiocarbon Dating
- Relative Dating Methods
- 5
- Problems in Using Surface Weathering Features, Relative Dating of Periglacial Trimlines in Northwest Scotland
- Quaternary Dating Methods: Uranium-Series Dating
- 6
- Some Problems Associated with U-Series Dating
- Some Applications of U-Series Dating
Quaternary Stratigraphy of India - Continental Records [6 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Distribution and Classification of Precambrian Rocks of India
- Phanerozoic Life: An Overview of the Key Milestones in the Evolution of Life on Land, Why They Are Important to Study
- 2
- Fluvial
- Glacial: Plio- Pleistocene Glaciation
- 3
- Early and Middle Pleistocene Glaciations, Late Pleistocene Glaciations
- Paleosols: Climatic Significance of Loess/Paleosol Deposits
Marine Records [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Evolution of Man and Stone Age Cultures [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Tectonic Geomorphology, Neotectonics, Active Tectonics [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Applied Geology [279 Notes- 13% Effort]
Remote Sensing and GIS [201 Notes- 9% Effort]
- 1
- Supervised and Unsupervised Image Classification; Classification Accuracy Assessment
- Classification Accuracy Assessment and Errors; Sources of Errors; Field Sampling Design; Types of Comparisons; Confusion Matrix; Post-Classification Processing
- 2
- Digital Change Detection Analysis; Introduction; Change Detection Techniques
- Concepts of Geographic Information System (GIS) : Include Errors in GIS: Understanding GIS: Common Definitions; GIS Workflow; Errors in GIS
- 3
- GIS Data Structure: Raster vs. Vector: Spatial Datal: Non-Spatial Data
- Map Projection, Coordinate System and Datum: Types of Map Projection; Coordinate System; Datum
- 4
- GIS Database Creation: Introduction, Components of GIS, Functions of GIS
- GIS Surface Models and Terrain Analysis: Terrain Models; Terrain Mapping; DEM for Terrain Analysis; Errors in DEM
- 5
- Hydrological Modeling with GIS: Introduction; Watershed Analysis
- Modelling in Remote Sensing and GIS: General Types of Models; GIS Models: Types of GIS Model
- 6
- Modelling in Remote Sensing and GIS: Modelling in ArcMap (Elements, Connectors, Text Labels)
- Digital Cartography Verses Geographical Information System: A Brief History of Cartography: Geodetic Datum: Coordinates System: Map Projection
- 7
- Concepts of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) ; Introduction
- GIS/GPS Integration: Applications in Earth System Science, Geographic Information System (GIS)
- 8
- GIS/GPS Integration: Applications in Earth System Science, Global Positioning System (GPS) , Integration of GPS/GIS, Application of GPS/GIS in Earth System Sciences
- Digital Image Classification Technique; Classification Approaches; Advantages and Limitations of Digital Image Classification
- 9
- GIS Database Creation: GIS Data Source & Method of GIS Data Creation
- Digital Cartography Verses Geographical Information System; Geographical Information System (GIS)
- 10
- Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
- GIS- Data Structure
- 11
- Sensors
- Remote Sensing
- 12
- Stages of Remote Sensing Process and Types
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- 13
- Electromagnetic Spectrum: Radiation Laws
- Electromagnetic Spectrum: Laws Governing Radiation
- 14
- Energy Interactions & Spectral Reflectance: Energy Balance of Earth, Electromagnetic Emission, Absorption
- Energy Interactions & Spectral Reflectance: Atmospheric Windows
- 15
- Energy Interactions & Spectral Reflectance: Atmospheric Scattering
- Energy Interactions & Spectral Reflectance: Reflection, Spectral Reflectance
- 16
- Identifying Target from Interactions: Reflection Characteristics, Spectral Reflectance Characteristics
- Identifying Target from Interactions: Applications of Common Spectral Bands
- 17
- Major Components of Remote Sensing Technology
- Platforms
- 18
- Sensors: Types of Sensors, Elements of Optical Sensor Characteristics
- Resolution
- 19
- Multispectral Scanning: Across-Track Scanners
- Multispectral Scanning: Along-Track Scanners
- 20
- Multispectral Scanning: Advantages of Scanning System over Photographic System
- Remote Sensing Satellites
- 21
- Data Transmission
- Image Interpretation & Analysis
- 22
- Image Interpretation & Analysis: Data Formats for Digital Satellite Imagery
- Digital Image Processing
- 23
- Digital Image Processing: Image Preprocessing - Geometric & Radiometric Preprocessing
- Digital Image Processing: Image Enhancement
- 24
- Digital Image Processing: Image Classification
- Digital Image Processing: Accuracy Assessment
- 25
- Remote Sensing Applications
- Introduction to Aerial Photography: Importance of Aerial Photography, Difference between Maps and Aerial Photos, Basic Elements of Air Photo Interpretation
- 26
- Introduction to Aerial Photography: Elements of Visual Interpretation (like Aerial Photograph)
- Introduction to Aerial Photography: Advantages of Remote Sensing & Aerial Photography over Ground-Based Observation, Applications of Aerial Photography
- 27
- Aerial Photography Terminology
- Air Photo Scale: Height Determination from Air-Photos
- 28
- Types of Aerial Photographs: Oblique Photographs
- Types of Aerial Photographs: Vertical Photographs
- 29
- Types of Aerial Photographs: Orthophotos, Trimetrogon, Multiple Lens Photography
- Types of Aerial Photographs: Convergent Photography, Panoramic Photograph
- 30
- Types of Aerial Photographs: Mosaics, Combinations
- Types of Films: Advantages of Black and White Film
- 31
- Types of Films: Applications of Color Film Technologies
- Distortion and Displacement
- 32
- Global Positioning System: Concept of GPS, GPS Satellites
- Global Positioning System: GPS Trilateration, Structure of GPS System
- 33
- Global Positioning System: GPS Positioning Types, Factors Affecting GPS Accuracy
- Global Positioning System: Errors in GPS System, Levels of GPS Accuracy
- 34
- Global Positioning System: Reference Station, GPS Applications
- Digital Mapping and GPS: Data Collection, Applications of Digital Mapping
- 35
- Geographic Information Systems: Introduction
- Geographic Information Systems: GIS Data, GIS as End-To-End Tool
- 36
- Geographic Information Systems: GIS Data Layer or GIS Layer, Type of Information Provided by GIS Techniques
- Geographic Information Systems: Need of GIS, Characteristics of GIS
- 37
- Geographic Information Systems: Functions of GIS
- Geographic Information Systems: Subsystems of GIS
- 38
- Geographic Information Systems: Factors Aiding Rise of GIS
- Related Disciplines and Technologies: Geography, Cartography, Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry
- 39
- Related Disciplines and Technologies: Surveying, Geodesy, Statistics, Operations Research, Computer Science and Technology, Mathematics, Civil Engineering
- Difference between GIS & Related Technologies
- 40
- GIS Applications
- GIS Applications: Advantages of GIS
- 41
- Geographical Data Representation: Geographic Data Types
- Geographical Data Representation: Geographic Data: Linkages and Matching
- 42
- Geographical Data Representation: GIS Data Types, Generalization
- GIS Processes
- 43
- GIS Analysis: Steps for GIS Analysis
- GIS Analysis: Methods for GIS Analysis
- 44
- GIS Software Programs
- Appendix-II: GIS Software: Software and Their Developers, Commercial GIS Software, Open Source GIS Software
- 45
- Appendix-III: Major Satellites and Details: Satellites Launched by India, LANDSAT Sensor Characteristics Details
- Appendix-III: Major Satellites and Details: IRS Program Details, Spectral Characteristics of LISS I and LISS II (IRS 1A & 1B)
- 46
- Appendix-III: Major Satellites and Details: Spectral Characteristics of LISS I & LISS II (IRS 1A & 1B) , IKONOS & QuickBird Details
- Appendix-III: Major Satellites and Details: SPOT Program Details, IRS Series Details
- 47
- Appendix-III: Major Satellites and Details: RESOURCESAT-1 & 2 Details, Other Satellite Details
- Appendix-III: Major Satellites and Details: Major Satellites with Altitude & Swath Width, Other Important Satellites
- 48
- Appendix-III: Major Satellites and Details: Major Satellites of the World: Important Details
- Basic Principles of Remote Sensing
- 49
- Radiation Terminology
- Interactions with the EarthÕs Surface
- 50
- Remote Sensing Systems
- Platforms and Sensors Based on Installations
- 51
- Classification of Sensors
- Satellite Characteristics: Swaths and Orbits
- 52
- Interaction of EMR with Surface and Atmosphere
- Ultraviolet
- 53
- Scattering
- Absorption
- 54
- Interaction of EMR with Different Material on Earth
- Radiometric and Geometric Corrections
- 55
- Stripping
- Single-Image Normalization Using Histogram Adjustment
- 56
- Correction for Slope and Aspect Effects
- Image Enhancement Techniques
- 57
- Filters
- Basics of Spatial Filtering
- 58
- Restoration in the Presence of Noise over Spatial Filtering
- Supervised Classification
- 59
- Appropriate Classification Algorithm
- Classification Accuracy Assessment
- 60
- Unsupervised Classification
- Two Major Methods of Unsupervised Classification Clustering
- 61
- Accuracy Assessment
- Types of Accuracy
- 62
- Data Requirements, Sampling Approach, and Sample Size
- Band Ratioing
- 63
- Selecting a Proper Band Combination for an RGB Image Using Landsat Imagery
- Spectral Indices
- 64
- Effects of Soil Background on Vegetation Index
- Visual Image Interpretation
- 65
- Steps to Prepare Thematic Maps Using Visual Interpretation
- Interpretation Aids
- 66
- Digital Photogrammetry
- Advantages and Applications of Photogrammetry
- 67
- Hyperspectral Remote Sensing
- Hyperspectral Sensors
- 68
- Elements of Hyperspectral Sensing
- Orbital Dynamics
- 69
- Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Sensors
- Hyperspectral Remote Sensing in Global Scenario
- 70
- LIDAR Basic Principles and Applications
- Most LIDAR Systems Use Four Main Components
- 71
- LIDAR Laser and Scanning System
- Application of Remote Sensing in LIDAR
- 72
- Remote Sensing Applications in Agriculture
- Assessment of Crop Damage and Crop Progress
- 73
- Crop Yield Models
- Non-Point Source Pollution
- 74
- National Missions
- Application of Remote Sensing in Urban Studies
- 75
- Constraints to Urban Planning
- Remote Sensing Applications for Urban Planning
- 76
- Effective Traffic and Solid Waste Management
- Application of RS/GIS in Forestry
- 77
- Forestry Information Needs and Remote Sensing
- Specific Applications of Remote Sensing in Forest Studies
- 78
- Application of Remote Sensing in Watershed Management
- Aerial Photography
- 79
- Flight Direction
- Classification of Aerial Photograph
- 80
- Obtaining Aerial Photography
- Introduction to Geographic Information System
- 81
- Types of Data Used in GIS
- Learn About Three Basic Elements
- 82
- Recent Trends in GIS
- Data Models in Geographic Information System
- 83
- Two Types of Data Models
- Comparison of Raster and Vector
- 84
- Data Storage & Compaction in Geographic Information System
- Mathematical Topology
- 85
- Queries in GIS
- Query Classification
- 86
- Different Queries
- Creation of a Query Layer
- 87
- Update and Identity
- GIS Buffer and Proximity Analysis
- 88
- Data Requirement
- Resource Allocation
- 89
- Comparison of Open-Source Software with Proprietary Software
- Web Mapping & Web GIS
- 90
- What is Web GIS?
- Cloud Based GIS
- 91
- Why It is More Difficult to Move Towards Cloud Based GIS by GIS Organizations?
- Advantages & Disadvantages for Cloud GIS
- 92
- Introduction and Overview of GPS
- GPS Satellite Generations
- 93
- GPS: The Basic Idea
- GPS Error and Biases
- 94
- Multipath Error
- Tropospheric Delay
- 95
- IRNSS
- Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS)
- 96
- GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN)
- GAGAN Implementation
- 97
- GLONASS
- Galileo
- 98
- Progress in Climatology: Satellite Climatology and GIS: Introduction, Technological Progress in Climatology, Basics of Remote Sensing
- Satellite: Climatology and Geographical Information System
- 99
- Role of Geomatics: Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques for Watershed Mapping
- Watershed Characterization: Watershed Characterization and Assessment through GIS
- 100
- Map Overlay in Thematic Mapping: Geomorsis, Watershed Restoration Studies and Decision Support System
- Spectral Characteristics of Water and Relevance of Remote Sensing for Hydrological Investigations
- 101
- Remote Sensing - Relevance in Hydrological Investigations
Engineering Geology [35 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Tunnels and Bridges: Tunnels, Geological Investigation for Tunnels, Bridges, Geological Investigation for Bridges
- Geological Investigations for Dams
- 2
- Bridges: Terminology, Type of Bridg- Arch Bridge, Beam Bridge, Cantilever Bridge, Suspension Bridge, Truss Bridge
- Bridges: Foundation Problem
- 3
- Bridges: Tunneling Route Studies, Classification of Tunnels
- Bridges: Shape of Tunnels, Tunnels in Rocks
- 4
- Dams: Dams Are Constructed for Following Multipurpose, History of Dam, Kallanai Dam
- Dams: Terminology, Types of Dams- Based on Purpose, Based on Material of Construction, Based on Structure
- 5
- Dams: Gravity Dams, Reservoir Force, Bhakra Nangal Dam, Krishna Raja Sagara Dam, Bartlett Dam, Colorado, Arch Dams
- Dams: Gordon Dam, Southwest National Park, Australia; Earthen Dam, Composite Dam
- 6
- Dams: Ujjani Dam, Important Failure Dams Due to Various Reasons, Problem Associated with Dam Sites, Criteria for Dam Site Selections, Geological Investigation, Reservoirs
- Bridges
- 7
- Type of Bridge: Cantilever, Suspension and Truss Bridge
- Types by Materials Used in Bridges
- 8
- Tunnels
- Geotechnical Investigations for Dam and Reservoir Sites: Spillway: Strategy and Managerial Aspect of Dam Construction; Some Major Dams of India
- 9
- Geotechnical Investigations and Evaluation for Tunnel Alignment: Problem of over Break; the Construction Management Aspects of Tunneling
- Geotechnical Investigations and Evaluation for Tunnel Alignment: Parts of Tunnel; Tunnel Nomenclature
- 10
- Geotechnical Investigations and Evaluation for Tunnel Alignment: Part-2; Geological Factors
- Geological Considerations for Construction of Roads, Railways and Bridges; Road and Rail Network; Factors Influencing Stability of Roads and Railways
- 11
- Geological Considerations for Construction of Roads, Railways and Bridges; Engineering Geology of Bridge Site; Geomorphological Factors; Geological Factors
- Geotechnical Investigations for Dam and Reservoir Sites: Part-1; Definition and Classification of Dam; Parts of Dam
- 12
- Geotechnical Investigations for Dam and Reservoir Sites: Part-1; Forces Acting on a Dam; Causes of Dam Failures
- Geotechnical Investigations for Dam and Reservoir Sites: Part-2: Suitability of Geological Factors, Geomorphology and Geology of the Reservoir Area
- 13
- Mass Movements and Causes of Hillslope Instability
- Construction of Tunnels
- 14
- Construction of Dams
- Geological Considerations, Summary of Geological Considerations, Dip and Strike, Faults, Relative Suitability of Rocks for Dam Foundation, Control Measures
- 15
- Construction of Tunnels: Geological Considerations, Tunneling in Horizontal Strata, Tunneling in Steeply Inclines Sections, Tunneling in Folded Strata
- Engineering Properties of Rocks
- 16
- Density: Dry, Bulk, Saturated, Abrasive Resistance, Frost and Fire Resistance, Shear Strength, Permeability, Tensile Strength
- Physical Characteristics of Building Stones
- 17
- Construction of Highways
- Remedial Measures of Engineering Geology
- 18
- Seismic Designs of Buildings
Mineral Exploration [6 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Geobotanical Prospecting
- Geochemical Prospecting
- 2
- Geochemical Anomalies Are Classified as Primary or Secondary
- Geophysical Prospecting
- 3
- Electrical Method, Radiometric Method, Seismic Methods
- Methods of Prospecting-Geological, Prospecting Methods, Geological Method, Glacial Float Tracing
Hydrogeology [37 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Classification of Aquifers, Types of Confining Bed, Types of Aquifers
- Ground-Water Chemistry, Total Dissolved Solids, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) , Eh & PH
- 2
- Hydraulic Conductivity, Laboratory Methods for Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity
- Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Hydrologic Cycle and Genetic Classification of Water
- 3
- Movement of Subsurface Water, Zone of Aeration (Vadose Water) , Zone of Saturation (Phreatic Water)
- Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Porosity, Porosity and Sorting
- 4
- Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient, Storage Coefficient (Storativity)
- Water-Bearing Characteristics of Rocks, Porosity, Permeability
- 5
- Exploration for Groundwater: Surface Investigation of Groundwater, Subsurface Investigation of Groundwater
- Engineering Properties of Rocks: Physical Properties of Rock, Tensile Strength, Crushing Strength, Shear Strength, Transverse Strength
- 6
- Building Stones: Porosity Values for Few Common Building Stones
- Building Stones: Vidhana Soudha, Bangalore; Stone Chariot, Hampi; Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu; Bidar Fort, Karnataka; Gateway of India, Mumbai; Vietnam War Monument, U. S. a. ; Puri Jagannath Temple
- 7
- Building Stones: Badami Caves, Bagalkot; Red Fort, Delhi; Victoria Memorial Hall, Kolkata; Taj Mahal, Agra; Slate Roof, Slate Paving
- Building Stones: Granites
- 8
- Building Stones: Basalts, Dolerite and Sandstone
- Building Stones: Marble and Laterite
- 9
- Building Stones: Slate and Road Materials
- Engineering Properties of Rock
- 10
- Pressure
- Introduction to Hydrology and Hydrogeology; the Hydrologic Cycle
- 11
- Introduction to Hydrology and Hydrogeology: Elements of the Hydrologic Cycle; the Hydrologic Budget Equation
- Classification of Aquifers: Aquifer Properties
- 12
- Hydraulic Head, Fluid Potential, Reynolds Number and Pumping Tests
- Hydraulic Head, Fluid Potential, Reynolds Number and Pumping Tests: Fluid Potential
- 13
- Hydraulic Head, Fluid Potential, Reynolds Number and Pumping Tests- II
- Hydraulic Head, Fluid Potential, Reynolds Number and Pumping Tests- II: Pumping Tests
- 14
- Role of Engineering Geology in Civil Construction and Mining Industry: Drilling Methods
- Role of Engineering Geology in Civil Construction and Mining Industry; Desk Study; Detail Field Study
- 15
- Classification of Aquifers: Aquifer Properties, Types of Aquifer- Unconfined Aquifer, Confined Aquifer, Semi-Confined Aquifer, Perched Aquifer
- Role of Engineering Geology in Civil Construction and Mining Industry: Geophysical Exploration Methods
- 16
- Precipitation, Evapotranspiration and Infiltration
- Hydrological Characteristics of Aquifers
- 17
- Hydrological Cycle
- Groundwater Pollution: Sources & Effects
- 18
- Groundwater Pollution
- Groundwater Pollution and India
- 19
- Human Use of Surface and Groundwater
Physical Geography [635 Notes- 30% Effort]
Geomorphology [180 Notes- 8% Effort]
- 1
- Remote Sensing in Solar Reflection Region: Principal of Remote Sensing
- Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing: Biodiversity and Wetlands Assessment
- 2
- Remote Sensing in Solar Reflection Region; Types of Remote Sensing
- Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing; Monitoring of Forest Resources; Carbon Stocks and Sinks; Monitoring of Desertification Processes
- 3
- Morphology and Its Relation with Structure and Lithology
- Geomorphology and Hydrology
- 4
- Geomorphology and Hazard Management
- Geomorphology of Indian Subcontinent
- 5
- Glaciers: Types of Glaciers, Movement and Erosional Work of Glaciers
- Geomorphology (Weathering) ; Introduction, Geomorphic Processes, Weathering
- 6
- Physical Weathering Processes; Abrasion, Mechanisms of Physical Weathering, Chemical Weathering Processes
- Biological Weathering Processes; Rates of Weathering, Weathering Products, Behaviour of Geologic Materials, Temperature and Rainfall, Unloading, Conclusion
- 7
- Geomorphology (Geomorphic Processes and Landforms - Fluvial) ; Introduction, Stream Valleys, Stages of a River
- Erosional Work of Streams; Transportation Work of Streams, Stream Load, Erosional Landforms, Canyons, Rills
- 8
- Depositional Landforms; Dunes and Ripples, RosgenÕs Observations, Alluvial Fans, Deltas, Conclusion
- Geomorphology (Geomorphic Processes and Landforms - Eolian) ; Introduction, Notable Geological Agents, Work of Wind, Desert Conditions in the Globe, Wind as Geological Agent, Wind and Its Characteristics, Wind and Arid Regions, Wind Has the Ability and Force, Deflation
- 9
- Velocity of Wind; How to Measure Wind? the Beaufort Scale, Abrasion, Saltation, Deposition, Forces of Wind, Wind Deflation Zones, Sediment Types, Effects of Wind Erosion, Factors Affecting the Extent of Wind Erosion
- Desert Environments; Height of Action, Erosional Landforms, Transportation Effects, Surface Creep, Wind Velocities, Depositional Landforms, Conclusion
- 10
- Geomorphology (Geomorphic Processes and Landforms - Coastal) ; Introduction, Coastal Zones, Waves and Tides, Geomorphology of Coasts, Divisions of Coastal Zones, Five Major Zones, Features of Shoreline
- Beach Cycles; Features of a Coastline, Forces Acting on Shorelines, Sea Waves, Classification of Waves, Longshore Drift, Tides, Tidal Currents, Long-Shore Currents
- 11
- Tsunamis; Coastal Geomorphic Processes, Sea Waves, Processes of Coastal Erosion, Mechanisms of Erosion, Multiple Episodes Along Coasts, Erosional Landforms, Depositional Landforms, Deltas, Conclusion
- Themes of Geographical Studies
- 12
- Divisions of Geography
- Latitude and Longitudes
- 13
- Latitude and Longitudes: Heat Zones of Earth
- Common Terms
- 14
- Rotation and Revolution
- KeplerÕs Three Laws and Solstice and Equinox
- 15
- Change of Seasons: Effect of Rotation
- Geological Time Scale: Anthropocene
- 16
- Major Subsystems of Earth: The āspheresā : Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Cryosphere, Atmosphere, Biosphere
- Major Oceans: Atlantic Ocean
- 17
- Major Oceans: Pacific Ocean
- Major Oceans: Indian Ocean
- 18
- Water Masses: Surface or Near Surface Water Masses
- Water Masses: Intermediate Water
- 19
- Water Masses: Deep and Bottom Water Masses
- Marine Resources: Biotic Resources
- 20
- What is Geomorphology and ThornburyÕs Concepts
- Factors Controlling Landform Development
- 21
- Fundamentals of Geomagnetism: Introduction, Origin: Dynamo Theory
- Fundamentals of Geomagnetism: Important Concepts
- 22
- Fundamentals of Geomagnetism: Geomagnetic Models, IGRF and WMM Models, Paleomagnetism
- Fundamentals of Geomagnetism: Geomagnetic Reversals, Magnetic Field Detection
- 23
- Weathering: Functions of Weathering, Factors Affecting Weathering
- Weathering: Types of Weathering (Biological, Chemical and Physical)
- 24
- Weathering: Types of Weathering (Chemical) , Importance of Weathering
- Erosion: Agents of Erosion
- 25
- Isostasy: History
- Isostasy: DuttonÕs Theory, Airy Hypothesis
- 26
- Isostasy: Pratt Hypothesis, Anti-Root Hypothesis by R. a. Daly
- Isostasy: HeiskanenÕs Theory, Critics of Isostasy
- 27
- Isostasy: Vening-Meinesz or Flexural Isostasy
- Isostasy: Airy-Woollard Isostasy Model, Thermal or Pratt-Thermal Isostasy Model
- 28
- Sea Floor Spreading (Harry Hess)
- Sea Floor Spreading (Harry Hess) : Process of Sea Floor Spreading
- 29
- Sea Floor Spreading (Harry Hess) : Evidences for Sea Floor Spreading, Rate of Sea Floor Spreading, Sea Floor Spreading with Continental Drift
- WilsonÕs Cycle and Supercontinents: Main Driving Force
- 30
- WilsonÕs Cycle and Supercontinents: Wilson Cycle
- WilsonÕs Cycle and Supercontinents: Supercontinent Cycle
- 31
- Supercontinents
- Geomorphic Cycles: Major Developments, Major Terms
- 32
- Geomorphic Cycles: Davis Cycle of Erosion
- Geomorphic Cycles: PenckÕs Cycle of Erosion
- 33
- Geomorphic Cycles: KingÕs Cycle of Erosion (Cycle of Pediplanation)
- Geomorphic Cycles: GilbertÕs Theory and Laws of Erosion
- 34
- Geomorphic Cycles: John T. HackÕs Dynamic Equilibrium: Application of GilbertÕs Theory
- Geomorphic Cycles: Frank AhnertÕs Model, MorisawaÕs Theory
- 35
- Geomorphic Cycles: Michael J. KirkbyÕs Model
- Geomorphic Cycles: S. a. SchummÕs Episodic Theory of Geomorphic Thresholds
- 36
- Geomorphic Cycles: StrahlerÕs Quantitative Theory
- Geomorphic Cycles: RenwickÕs Theory: SystemÕs Approach
- 37
- Geomorphic Cycles: MalansonÕs Chaos Theory
- Slope Development: Elements of Hill Slope Profile (a. Wood)
- 38
- Slope Development: 9-Unit Slope Model
- Slope Development: Classification of Slope
- 39
- Slope Development: Approaches to Slope Development
- Slope Development: Models of Slope Evolutheory Gives the Type of Slope Evolution Tion
- 40
- Slope Development: Slope Failure
- Denudation Chronology and Erosion Surfaces: Denudation Chronology
- 41
- Denudation Chronology and Erosion Surfaces: Erosion Surfaces
- Fluvial Landforms: Drainage Basins
- 42
- Fluvial Landforms: Discordant Drainage Patterns
- Fluvial Landforms: Accordant Drainage Patterns
- 43
- Fluvial Landforms: Continental Divides
- Fluvial Landforms: River Flow Characteristics
- 44
- Fluvial Landforms: River Processes
- Fluvial Landforms: Erosional Landforms
- 45
- Fluvial Landforms: Depositional Landforms
- Fluvial Landforms: Erosional-Depositional Landforms
- 46
- Karst Landforms: Essential Conditions for Karst Topography
- Karst Landforms: Factors Affecting Karst Landforms
- 47
- Karst Landforms: Erosional Landforms
- Karst Landforms: Depositional Landforms
- 48
- Karst Landforms: 3 Classes of Cave Sculpturing Process, Theories of Speleogenesis
- Coastal Landforms: Types of Coastlines
- 49
- Coastal Landforms: Mechanism of Wave and Motion
- Coastal Landforms: Sea Waves Processes
- 50
- Coastal Landforms: Erosional Landforms
- Coastal Landforms: Depositional Landforms
- 51
- Aeolian Landforms: Types of Deserts
- Aeolian Landforms: Methods of Wind Erosion, Wind Transportation
- 52
- Aeolian Landforms: Erosional Landforms
- Aeolian Landforms: Depositional Landforms
- 53
- Glacial Landforms: Snowline, Zones of Glacier
- Glacial Landforms: Glacier Creation and Melting: Processes and Features
- 54
- Glacial Landforms: Erosional Landforms
- Glacial Landforms: Depositional Landforms
- 55
- Periglacial Landscapes: Permafrost
- Periglacial Landscapes: Ground Ice
- 56
- Periglacial Landscapes: Periglacial Landforms
- PeltierÕs Periglacial Cycle: Important Terms Used in the Cycle, Stages of the Periglacial Cycle
- 57
- PeltierÕs Periglacial Cycle: Evidence for Periglacial Cycle
- PeltierÕs Morphogenetic Regions & Cycles
- 58
- PeltierÕs Morphogenetic Regions & Cycles: Step 1: Distribution of Weathering & Erosion Across Climates
- PeltierÕs Morphogenetic Regions & Cycles: Step 2: 9 Morphogenetic Regimes
- 59
- PeltierÕs Morphogenetic Regions & Cycles: Step 3: 7 Morphological or Geographic Cycles
- Polygenetic Topography: Examples of Slopes in Missouri
- 60
- Geomorphology: Major Terms
- Relationship of Geography with Other Disciplines: Introduction, Interactions or Relations with Other Sciences, Branches of Geography
- 61
- Relationship of Geography with Other Disciplines: Relations with Social Sciences
- Nature and Development of Geomorphology
- 62
- Historical Development
- Models in Geomorphology
- 63
- Physical Systems: Mathematical and Experimental Design Models
- General Systems, Synthetic Systems and Partial Systems
- 64
- Earth Movements
- Type of Earth Movements: Orogenic and Cymatogenic Movements
- 65
- Morphogenetic Region
- Morphoclimatic Zones
- 66
- Constitution of the EarthÕs Interior
- Pressure, Temperature & Density: Interior of Earth
- 67
- Chemical Composition of the Earth
- Weathering: Scale, Types and Classification
- 68
- Weathering by Expansion or Contraction
- Weathering and Significance
- 69
- Slope Elements and Slope Evolution
- Composite Slope
- 70
- Interruptions of the Cycle of Erosion
- Rejuvenation
- 71
- Channel Morphology
- Channel Classification
- 72
- Drainage Pattern & Basin
- Antecedent & Superimposed Drainage, Stream Capture & Channel Pattern
- 73
- Fluvial Erosional Processes and Landforms
- Fluvial Depositional Landforms
- 74
- Fluvial Depositional Landforms: Deltas
- Aeolian Land Features
- 75
- Aeolian Erosional Land Features
- Aeolian Depositional Land Features
- 76
- Aeolian Depositional Land Features - Important Types of Dunes
- Glacial and Periglacial Landscapes
- 77
- Glacier
- Glacial Erosional Landforms
- 78
- Glacial Depositional Landforms
- Glacial Till and Till Plain
- 79
- Periglacial Landscapes
- The Karst Landforms and Erosional Landforms
- 80
- Depositional Landforms and the Karst Cycle of Erosion
- Coastal Processes and Landforms
- 81
- Near Shore Circulation
- Coastal Erosion
- 82
- Topographic Features Resulting from Coastal Deposition
- Soil Erosion
- 83
- Factors Influencing Erosion
- Folding and Faulting
- 84
- Folds and Basic Fold Geometry
- Fault and Basic Geometry and Classification of Faults
- 85
- Thrust or Reverse Fault
- Davis Model of Cycle of Erosion
- 86
- PenckÕs Model of Landform Development
- KingÕs Model of Slope Development
- 87
- Alan WoodÕs View on Slope Evolution
- StrahlerÕs View on Slope Development
- 88
- Tor Formation Theory of Linton
- Polygonal Karst
- 89
- Badlands and Morphogenesis of Badlands
- Coastal Penetration Model of Taaffe
- 90
- Fault Scrap and Fault-Line Scrap
- Concept of Piedmont Treppen
Climatology [112 Notes- 7% Effort]
- 1
- Climatology: Introduction, Climatology ā an Interdisciplinary Science, Climatology and Global Energy
- Study of Weather and Climate; Atmospheric Temperature, Climatology and Global Pressure
- 2
- World Climatic Types; Climatic Change, Weather Forecast, Satellite Climatology
- Meteorological Parameters: Temperature Lapse Rate, Environmental Lapse Rate, Adiabatic Lapse Rate, Humidity, Mixing Ratio, Saturation Mixing Ratio
- 3
- Energy Budget of Earth
- Temperature: Insolation
- 4
- Temperature: Heat Transfer, Latent Heat
- Temperature: Dry-Bulb & Wet-Bulb Temperature and Dew Point, Lapse Rate
- 5
- Temperature: Lifted Condensation Level (LCL) , Temperature Inversion
- Temperature: Vertical Temperature by Altitude, Factors Affecting Horizontal Distribution of Temperature
- 6
- Temperature: Scales of Temperature
- Pressure: Measuring Atmospheric Pressure
- 7
- Pressure: Vertical Distribution of Pressure
- Pressure: Horizontal Distribution of Pressure
- 8
- Pressure: Types of Highs and Lows, Meteorological Terms Describing Low Pressure
- Humidity: Saturation
- 9
- Humidity: Types of Humidity, Measurement and Control of Humidity
- Precipitation: Forms of Precipitation
- 10
- Precipitation: Mechanism of Precipitation
- Precipitation: Geographical Distribution of Precipitation, Measurement of Rainfall
- 11
- Lightning and Thunderstorm: Lightning, Downburst
- Lightning and Thunderstorm: Thunderstorms
- 12
- Atmospheric Circulation: Convergence and Divergence, Factors Affecting Wind Speed
- Atmospheric Circulation: Wind Shifts, Latitudinal Circulation Models
- 13
- Atmospheric Circulation: Longitudinal Circulation Features, Important High and Low Pressure Areas
- Jet Streams: Formation of Jet Streams
- 14
- Jet Streams: Important Jet Streams
- Planetary Winds and Local Winds: Planetary or Permanent Winds
- 15
- Planetary Winds and Local Winds: Local Winds
- Planetary Winds and Local Winds: Eddies
- 16
- Monsoons: Introduction, Mechanism of Monsoons
- Monsoons: Monsoons in Various Continents, Effects of Monsoons
- 17
- Zonal & Meridional Anomalies in Monsoon
- Air Masses: Characteristics of Air Mass, Origin of Air Mass
- 18
- Air Masses: Classification of Air Mass, Criticism of Air Mass Concept
- Fronts: Introduction, Locating Front on Map
- 19
- Fronts: Characteristics of Fronts, Creation and Destruction of Fronts
- Fronts: Classification of Fronts
- 20
- Cyclones: Introduction
- Cyclones: Tropical Cyclones
- 21
- Cyclones: Temperate Cyclones
- Cyclones: Classification of Cyclones Based on Size, Effects of Cyclones, Benefits of Cyclones
- 22
- Cyclones: Management of Cyclones, Cyclone Warning Bulletins for Sea Conditions
- Cyclones: Temperate Versus Tropical Cyclones
- 23
- Anticyclones: Formation of Anticyclones
- Anticyclones: Forces and Wind Movement in Anticyclones, Types of Anticyclones
- 24
- Anticyclones: Difference between Cold and Warm Anticyclone, Effect of Anticyclones
- Anticyclones: Differences between Anticyclone and Cyclone
- 25
- Climatic Classification: Climate Classification Systems, KoppenÕs Classification
- Climatic Classification: ThornthwaiteÕs Classification
- 26
- Climatic Classification: TrewarthaÕs Classification, Bergeron Genetic Classification
- Climatic Classification: Spatial Synoptic Classification System (SSC) , TrollÕs Classification, HargreavesÕ Classification
- 27
- Climatic Classification: Climatic Regions of the World
- Global Climatic Change: Causes of Climate Change
- 28
- Global Climatic Change: Historical Climatic Changes
- Global Climatic Change: Present Climatic Changes
- 29
- Global Climatic Change: Methods to Detect & Determine Climatic Change
- Urban Climate: Factors Affecting Urban Climate
- 30
- Urban Climate: Urban Climatic Conditions
- Urban Climate: Urban Climate Change in Phoenix, Arizona, Steps to Improve Urban Climate, Urban Microclimates
- 31
- Insolation: Factors and Distribution; Introduction, Sources of Solar Energy, Receipt of Energy, Methods of Solar Energy Receipt
- Factors Affecting Insolation: Distribution of Insolation
- 32
- Global Temperature Distribution: Horizontal and Vertical; Introduction, Source of Energy on the Earth, Heat and Temperature, Global Temperature Distribution, Principal Controls on Temperature
- Horizontal Temperature Distribution: Vertical Distribution of Temperature
- 33
- Pressure Belts and Their Seasonal Variations: Introduction, Understanding Air Pressure, Measurement of Air Pressure, Pressure Gradient, Variation in the Atmospheric Pressure
- Factors Affecting Air Pressure: Factors Controlling Pressure Belt System
- 34
- Changing Seasons and Pressure Belts: Relationship between Pressure Belts and Winds
- Planetary Wind Patterns: Wind Belts and Seasonal Variations; Introduction, Air Pressure and Gravitational Pull, Factors Affecting Atmospheric Pressure, Relationship between Atmospheric Pressure and Wind, Development of Atmospheric Motion: Winds
- 35
- Temperature and Air Molecules: Temperature, Air Pressure and Winds, Vertical Air Mixing with Latitudes, Horizontal Atmospheric Motion: Winds
- Distribution of Idealized Pressure Belts: Seasonal Variations in Pressure Belts
- 36
- General Atmospheric Circulation: Vertical and Horizontal; Introduction, Atmospheric Circulation, Factors Affecting Atmospheric Circulation
- Scales of Atmospheric Circulation: Planetary Atmospheric Circulation
- 37
- Vertical Atmospheric Circulation
- Upper Air Circulation: Jet Streams, Origin, Types and Distribution; Introduction, Upper Air Westerlies, Rossby Waves and Index Cycle of Jet Stream
- 38
- Jet Streams: Definition and Characteristics
- Monsoon: Definition, Theories and Controlling Factors, Introduction, Historical Context of Monsoon
- 39
- Theories of the Origin of Monsoon: Controlling Factors of Monsoon
- Humidity: Measurement and Distribution, Humidity, Three States of Water, Hydrological Cycle, Humidity Measurements
- 40
- Distribution of Humidity
- Condensation, Processes and Forms: Introduction, Concept of Condensation, Processes of Condensation
- 41
- Forms of Condensation: Clouds, Global Cloud Cover
- Precipitation: Bergeron-Fiendeisen Process, Collision-Coalescence Process
- 42
- Forms of Precipitation: Types of Precipitation
- Origin of Air Masses and Their Classification: Introduction, Air Masses, Types of Air Masses on the Basis of Source Region
- 43
- Convergence of Air Masses and Fronts: Air Masses Modification
- Frontogenesis Process: World Patterns and Associated Weather; Introduction, Definition of Front, Frontal Zone, Frontogenesis, Development of Fronts, Frontolyzes, Frontal Characteristics
- 44
- Classification of Fronts: World Distribution Pattern of Fronts
- Temperate Cyclones: Development, Weather Conditions and Distribution, Introduction, Fronts, Origin and Development of Temperate Cyclone, Polar Front Theory
- 45
- Summing up of Different Stages: Characteristics of Temperate Cyclones, Weather Conditions in a Temperate Cyclone, World Distribution Pattern of Temperate Cyclone
- Tropical Cyclones: Introduction, Classification, Origin of Tropical Cyclones
- 46
- Structure of Tropical Cyclone: Structure, Chief Characteristics, Distribution, Destruction, Management
- KoppenÕs Climatic Classification: Introduction, Historical Developments in KoppenÕs Climate Classification, Vegetation as an Index of Temperature and Precipitation, Delineation of Climatic Regions, Design of Climatic Classification, Characteristics of Seasonal Precipitation
- 47
- Measurements in KoppenÕs Climatic Classification; Spatial Pattern of Climatic Classification, Characteristics of Major Climates, Climate Types and Biomes, Criticisms of KoppenÕs Climate Classification
- ThornthwaiteÕs Climatic Classification: Introduction, Historical Developments in ThornthwaiteÕs Climatic Classification, Method of Calculation, Design of Classification
- 48
- Water Balance and Its Explanation: Spatial Distribution of World Climates, Criticism of the Classification, Climates of India, Difference in the Classification of Climates by Koppen and Thornthwaite
- Dry Climates: Semi-Arid and Arid
- 49
- Animal Community of Temperate Grasslands: Temperate Grasslands and Human Interactions, Arid Climates
- Humid Mesothermal Climates: Introduction, Humid Mesothermal Climates: Bases and Types
- 50
- Humid Subtropical Climate: Subtropical Dry-Summer or Mediterranean Climate
- Humid Microthermal Climates: Introduction, Bases and Types, Humid Microthermal Climates Main Criteria (Koppen)
- 51
- Polar and Highland Climates: Introduction, Polar Climates: Bases and Types
- Highland Climates
- 52
- Climate Change: Evidences and Causes: Introduction, Defining Climate Change, Global Change and Climate Change, Sources of Climate Change
- Sources of Evidences About Climate Change: Observations of Changes in Climate at Global Level, Observations of Changes in Climate at National Level
- 53
- Climate Change and Its Impacts: Role of Human Being: Introduction, Climate Change: Views of Scientific Community, Sources of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases, Global Warming Potential of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases, Radiative Forcing
- Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emission and Climate Change: Impact of Human Activities on Climate Change: Analysis of Economic Sectors, Remedial Measures to Overcome the Effects of Climate Change
- 54
- Climate Change and Food Security: Introduction, Climate System, Climate Change
- Climate Change and Agriculture: Greenhouse Gases Emission from Agriculture
- 55
- Climate Change, Gender and Human Health: Introduction, Climate Change and Human Health
- Direct Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health; Indirect Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health
- 56
- Differential Impacts of Climate Change on Different Sections of Society: Impact of Climate Change on Mental Health and Well-Being
- Parametric Power Regression Model
Bio-Geography [57 Notes- 2% Effort]
- 1
- National Parks and Sanctuaries
- Wild Life Destruction and Preservation: Destruction of Wildlife
- 2
- Wild Life Destruction and Preservation: Strategy for Wildlife Conservation
- Global Distribution of Plants and Animals: Biogeographical Regionalization
- 3
- Global Distribution of Plants and Animals: Factors Affecting Global Distribution of Plants and Animals
- Global Distribution of Plants and Animals: Distribution of Plants and Animals
- 4
- Distribution of Terrestrial Plants (Floristic Kingdoms)
- Distribution of Terrestrial Plants (Floristic Kingdoms) : Classification by Ronald Good
- 5
- Distribution of Terrestrial Plants (Floristic Kingdoms) : Engler Classification, Newbigin Classification
- Distribution of Terrestrial Plants (Floristic Kingdoms) : Takhtajan Classification
- 6
- Distribution of Terrestrial Plants (Floristic Kingdoms) : UdvardyÕs Classification, Classification of Plants Based on Environmental Conditions
- Distribution of Terrestrial and Avian Animals (Faunal Realms) : MerriamÕs Classification, SclaterÕs Classification
- 7
- Distribution of Terrestrial and Avian Animals (Faunal Realms) : Wallace Distribution
- Distribution of Terrestrial and Avian Animals (Faunal Realms) : Karl P. Schmidt Distribution, Cox Classification
- 8
- Distribution of Terrestrial and Avian Animals (Faunal Realms) : KuschelÕs Classification, SmithÕs Classification, Proches Classification, Kreft and Jetz Classification
- Distribution of Terrestrial and Avian Animals (Faunal Realms) : Proches and Ramdhani Classification, Classification of Animals Based on Environmental Conditions
- 9
- Distribution of Aquatic Plants and Animals: Sven EkmanÕs Classification, Forbes Classification
- Distribution of Aquatic Plants and Animals: SchmardaÕs Classification
- 10
- Other Biogeographic Classifications: Major Genecenters (Vavilov Centers of Diversity)
- Other Biogeographic Classifications: MacArthur and WilsonÕs Method, RapoportÕs Classification, PielouÕs Classification, MullerÕs Classification, MorroneÕs Classification
- 11
- Social Forestry: Elements of Social Forestry
- Social Forestry: Objectives and Benefits of Social Forestry
- 12
- Social Forestry: Species Used for Social Forestry
- Social Forestry: Types of Social Forestry
- 13
- Social Forestry: Constraints of Social Forestry
- Agro-Forestry: Choice of Trees in Agro-Forestry
- 14
- Agro-Forestry: Characteristics of Agro-Forestry, Aim of Agro-Forestry
- Agro-Forestry: Types of Agro-Forestry, Benefits of Agro-Forestry
- 15
- Agro-Forestry: Limitations of Agro-Forestry
- Agroforestry Versus Social Forestry
- 16
- Human Ecological Changes: Adaptation, Heritable Traits (vs. Inherited Traits)
- Influence of Man on Ecology and Environment and Environmental Ethics: Objectives of Environmental Ethics
- 17
- Environmental Ethics: Approaches to Environmental Ethics
- Deep Ecology
- 18
- Deep Ecology: Objectives of Deep Ecology, Four Pillars of Deep Ecology, Criticism of Deep Ecology
- Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Conserving Biodiversity
- 19
- Environmental Management: Environmental Education
- Environmental Management: Environmental Policy and Legislation (National Efforts, Convention and Agreements)
- 20
- Environmental Management: Environmental Policy and Legislation (BioFin, Nairobi Declaration)
- Environmental Management: Earth Summit, Environmental Management
- 21
- Environmental Management: Environmental Management Theories
- Environmental Management: International Council for Science (ICSU)
- 22
- Environmental Management: DIVERSITAS, International Geosphere-Biosphere Program
- Environmental Management: International Human Dimensions Program, World Climate Research Program
- 23
- Wild Life Resources: Introduction, Reducing Wild Habitats
- Wild Life Resources: Wild Life Conservation Efforts
- 24
- Wild Life Resources: Ecozones of India
- Wild Life Resources: Wetlands
- 25
- Wild Life Resources: Wildlife Conservation Strategy
- Man, Environment Relationship
- 26
- Biogeographical Classification of India
- Wetlands and Mangroves
- 27
- IUCN and Red List
- Extinction of Species with Special Reference to India
- 28
- Wildlife Protection Act, (WLPA, 1972)
- Environmental Education
- 29
- Euphausiids
Environmental Geography [79 Notes- 4% Effort]
- 1
- Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources
- Geography of India and Himalayan Highland Hazards: Retreating Glaciers, Climate Change, Seismicity
- 2
- Geography of India and Himalayan Highland Hazards: Mining & Landslides, Forest Destruction, Flash Flood and Sedimentation, Remedies
- Deforestation: Extent of Deforestation
- 3
- Vulcanicity: Causes of Volcanic Activities
- Vulcanicity: Structure of Volcano, Volcanic Features
- 4
- Vulcanicity: Constituents of Volcanic Eruptions
- Vulcanicity: Classification of Volcanoes
- 5
- Vulcanicity: Devastations Due to Volcanoes, Benefits from Volcanoes
- Vulcanicity: Distribution of Volcanoes, Major Volcanoes
- 6
- Earthquakes: Important Definitions
- Earthquakes: Causes of Earthquake
- 7
- Earthquakes: Types of Seismic Waves
- Earthquakes: Distribution
- 8
- Earthquakes: Measuring Strength of Earthquakes
- Earthquakes: Intensity of Earthquake, Impact of Earthquakes, Remedial Measures
- 9
- Mass Wasting (Landslides) : Causes of Mass Wasting
- Mass Wasting (Landslides) : Types of Mass Wasting
- 10
- Mass Wasting (Landslides) : Flows
- Mass Wasting (Landslides) : Landslides
- 11
- Mass Wasting (Landslides) : Mass Wasting in Cold Climates
- Applied Climatology: Definitions, History of Applied Climatology
- 12
- Applied Climatology: Factors Favoring Development of Applied Climatology, Applications of Climatology
- Diseases Ecology: Ways for Disease Prevention and Control
- 13
- Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Climate Change
- Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Marrakesh Action Proclamation for Our Climate and Sustainable Development
- 14
- Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Global Ecological Imbalances
- Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Greenhouse Effect
- 15
- Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Global Warming
- Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Glacial Lake Outbursts Floods (GLOF) & Jokulhlaup
- 16
- Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures: Millennium Development Goals (MDGÕs)
- Human Actions Detrimental to Environment: Summary of Anthropogenic Problems
- 17
- Human Actions Detrimental to Environment: Classification of Human Actions
- Pollution: Introduction to Pollution, Pollutants
- 18
- Pollution: Cause of Pollution
- Pollution: Soil and Land Pollution
- 19
- Pollution: Water Pollution
- Pollution: Air Pollution
- 20
- Pollution: Radioactive Pollution
- Pollution: Pollution Control
- 21
- Environmental Degradation: Global Consumption Patterns, Sources and Causes of Degradation
- Environmental Management: Environmental Conservation, Environmental Restoration
- 22
- Contemporary Issues and Environmental Hazards: Classification of Hazards, Landslides
- Environmental Hazards: Landslide Hazard Mitigation Efforts
- 23
- Environmental Hazards: Cyclones and Storms, Earthquakes
- Environmental Hazards: Seismic Zones, Tsunamis
- 24
- Environmental Hazards: Floods and Droughts, Epidemics
- Environmental Hazards: Groundwater Contamination in India
- 25
- Environmental Hazards: Urban Solid Waste Management (SWM)
- Environmental Degradation: Environmental Issues in India, Causes of Environmental Degradation
- 26
- Air Pollution
- Desertification
- 27
- Water Pollution
- Smog and Acid Rain
- 28
- Deforestation and Man and Animal Conflict in India
- Environmental Pollution
- 29
- Types of Pollution
- Volcanoes
- 30
- Distribution of Volcanoes and Volcanic Activity
- Products of Volcanic Eruption
- 31
- Types of Volcanoes
- Volcanic Features: Extrusive & Intrusive
- 32
- Earthquakes: Seismology & Process
- Types of Seismic Waves
- 33
- Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes
- Measuring the Earthquakes
- 34
- Desertification: Definition, Problem, and Prevention
- Geomorphic Hazards
- 35
- Tsunami
- Landslides
- 36
- Avalanche
- The Concept of Mitigation and Adaptation: The Need for Mitigation and Adaptation, Mitigation and Adaptation Measures by AR-5 for Policy Makers
- 37
- Life and Atmospheric Pollution: Introduction, Modern Life and Atmospheric Pollution, Atmospheric Pollution
- Sources or Causes of Air Pollution: Primary and Secondary Air Pollutants
- 38
- Effects of Air Pollution: Checking Air Pollution
- Food Security, Climate Smart Agriculture
- 39
- Urban Climatology: Introduction, Concept of Urban Climatology, Urbanization and Micro Climate Change, Approaches to Urban Climatology
- Areas Prone to Flooding: Impacts (Problems) of Flooding, Precautionary Steps Before Flood, Steps to be Taken During and Post Flood, Flood Preventive Measures
- 40
- Drought and Its Causes: Areas Prone to Drought in India, Types of Droughts, Impact (Problems) of Drought, Drought Mitigation and Management
Geography of India [207 Notes- 8% Effort]
- 1
- Laws of Sea
- Internal Waters, Territorial Sea Contiguous Zone UNCLOS and India
- 2
- Physical Setting: Major Facts
- Geographic Extremes of India
- 3
- Space Relationship of India with Neighboring Countries: Area of India, Administrative Divisions of India 2011 Census
- Physiographic Regions
- 4
- Physiographic Regions: Great Northern Plains
- Physiographic Regions: Peninsular Plateau
- 5
- Physiographic Regions: Gulfs, Islands
- Soil Types and Their Distributions: Alluvial Soils
- 6
- Soil Types and Their Distributions: Black Soils (Regur)
- Soil Types and Their Distributions: Red Soils
- 7
- Soil Types and Their Distributions: Laterite Soils
- Soil Types and Their Distributions: Forest Soils, Peat and Organic Soils
- 8
- Soil Types and Their Distributions: Mountainous Soils
- Soil Types and Their Distributions: Skeletal Soils
- 9
- Soil Types and Their Distributions: Desert Soils
- Soil Types and Their Distributions: Alkali and Saline Soils
- 10
- Classical Mechanism of Indian Monsoons
- Classical Theories of Indian Monsoon: Halley Differential Heating (1686)
- 11
- Classical Theories of Indian Monsoon: Developing the Dynamic Concept of ITCZ (Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone) or Air Mass Theory
- Classical Theories of Indian Monsoon: Difference between HalleyÕs and ITCZ Concepts, FlohnÕs Theory (1958)
- 12
- Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Indian Monsoon and Himalayas as Barrier
- Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Longitudinal Extent of Asia, Impact of Jet Stream and Tibetan Plateau (TP)
- 13
- Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Himalayan Snow Cover, Indian Ocean Dipole
- Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Low Level Somali Jet (LLJ) or Findlater Jet
- 14
- Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Somali Current
- Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Great Whirl, ENSO (El Nino and La Nina)
- 15
- Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO)
- Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Impact of Global Warming on Indian Monsoon
- 16
- Modern Theory on Origin of Indian Monsoons: Summary of Monsoon Factors
- Weather Prediction: Monsoon Prediction
- 17
- Weather Prediction: Extreme Weather Events, Models Used in IMD
- Weather Prediction: Parameters Included in Forecasting
- 18
- Weather Prediction: Terms Used in IMD Forecast
- Progress and Phases of Indian Monsoons: Onset of the Monsoon
- 19
- Progress and Phases of Indian Monsoons: Burst of Monsoon, Pre-Monsoon Showers
- Progress and Phases of Indian Monsoons: SW Monsoon
- 20
- Progress and Phases of Indian Monsoons: Retreating Monsoon or Northeast Monsoon, Summary of Characteristics of the Monsoons
- Western Disturbances (WD) : Mechanism
- 21
- Western Disturbances (WD) : Effect of Western Disturbance, Interaction between Monsoon & Western Disturbances
- Cyclonic Activity in Indian Ocean: Cyclone Warning
- 22
- Cyclonic Activity in Indian Ocean: Naming of Cyclones
- Cyclonic Activity in Indian Ocean: IMD Classification of Low Pressure Systems
- 23
- Cyclonic Activity in Indian Ocean: Yearly Variation in Cyclonic Activity
- Cyclonic Activity in Indian Ocean: Comparison of Cyclonic Activity and Devastation between Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea
- 24
- Cyclonic Activity in Indian Ocean: Effect of El NiƱO and El NiƱO Modoki
- Overall Rainfall Distribution in India: Distribution between Components of Rainfall, Spatial Distribution of Winter Rainfall
- 25
- Overall Rainfall Distribution in India: Spatial Distribution of Summer Rainfall, Overall Spatial Distribution of Rainfall
- Floods and Droughts: Floods
- 26
- Floods and Droughts: Droughts
- Seasons in India: Winter (December-March)
- 27
- Seasons in India: Summer (April-May)
- Seasons in India: Monsoon (June-September) , Post Monsoon or Autumn (October-November)
- 28
- Climatic Regions: Factors Affecting Indian Climate
- Climatic Regions: Regional Variations in Climate of India
- 29
- Climatic Regions: Classification by Stamp and Kendrew
- Climatic Regions: TrewarthaÕs Classification
- 30
- Climatic Regions: BansalÕs Classification
- Climatic Regions: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Classification
- 31
- Biotic Resources: Cattle
- Biotic Resources: Buffaloes, Goat Rearing
- 32
- Biotic Resources: Sheep Rearing, Poultry Farming
- Infrastructure (Irrigation, Seeds, Fertilizers, Power) : Water Management
- 33
- Infrastructure (Irrigation, Seeds, Fertilizers, Power) : Seed
- Infrastructure (Irrigation, Seeds, Fertilizers, Power) : Fertilizers
- 34
- Infrastructure (Irrigation, Seeds, Fertilizers, Power) : Power
- Multipurpose Projects in India
- 35
- Institutional Factors (Land Holdings, Land Tenure, and Land Reforms) : Land Holdings, Land Tenure
- Institutional Factors (Land Holdings, Land Tenure, and Land Reforms) : Land Reforms
- 36
- Institutional Factors (Land Holdings, Land Tenure, and Land Reforms) : Agricultural Cooperatives
- Agricultural Productivity: Measuring Agricultural Productivity
- 37
- Agricultural Productivity: Agricultural Productivity Regions
- Agricultural Productivity: Ways to Boost Agricultural Productivity
- 38
- Agricultural Productivity: Risk Management in Agriculture
- Agricultural Productivity: Contract Farming
- 39
- Agricultural Census: Highlights of Agriculture Census 2010 - 11
- Agricultural Intensity: Introduction, Agricultural Intensity in India
- 40
- Agricultural Intensity: Factors Affecting Agricultural Intensity, Reasons of High Agricultural Intensity
- Land Capability: Factors Determining Land-Capability
- 41
- Land Capability: Land Capability Classification
- Forestry: National Forest Policy
- 42
- Forestry: Forest Conservation Measures
- Forestry: Research and Development, Agro-Forestry and Social-Forestry
- 43
- Forestry: Problems of Indian Forestry
- Dry Farming: Introduction, Dry Farming in India, Regions of Dryland Agriculture
- 44
- Dry Farming: Characteristics of Dryland Agriculture, Problems of Dry Farming in India
- Dry Farming: Dry Farming Zones in India, Recommendations for Dry Farming Areas
- 45
- Livestock Resources: Introduction, Importance of Livestock Resources
- Livestock Resources: Production and Trade, Contribution of Livestock
- 46
- Livestock Resources: Issues in Livestock Sector
- Poultry: Characteristics of Poultry Farming
- 47
- Poultry: Indian Fowls, Production
- Poultry: Trade, Issues in Poultry Farming
- 48
- Poultry: Issues in Poultry Industry, Central Poultry Development Organization
- Poultry: Recent Schemes (More Schemes)
- 49
- Milk Production (White Revolution or Operation Flood) : Basis of White Revolution, Objectives of White Revolution
- Milk Production (White Revolution or Operation Flood) : Phases of White Revolution, Milk Production Trends
- 50
- Milk Production (White Revolution or Operation Flood) : Milk Distribution
- Milk Production (White Revolution or Operation Flood) : Achievements of White Revolution
- 51
- Milk Production (White Revolution or Operation Flood) : Problems of White Revolution, Future Prospects of Dairy Development
- Meat Production
- 52
- Meat Production: Trade
- Meat Production: Consumption
- 53
- Meat Production: Government Initiatives
- Wool Production: Government Initiatives, Issues in Wool Industry
- 54
- Wool Production: Trade
- Yellow Revolution (Oilseeds)
- 55
- Blue Revolution: Introduction, Types of Fisheries
- Blue Revolution: Production
- 56
- Blue Revolution: Consumption
- Blue Revolution: Achievements of Blue Revolution, Shrimp Trade
- 57
- Blue Revolution: Strategies for the Fisheries Development
- Blue Revolution: Problems in Development of Fisheries
- 58
- Aquaculture: Growth and Development of Aquaculture, Types of Aquaculture
- Aquaculture: Aquaculture in India, Problems in Aquaculture
- 59
- Sericulture: Bombyx Mori, Distribution of Types of Silk in India
- Sericulture: Temperate Tasar
- 60
- Sericulture: Sericulture in India, Trade (Indian Silk Export Promotion Council)
- Sericulture: Central Silk Board (Industry Promotion)
- 61
- Sericulture: Advantages of Sericulture, Problems in Development of Sericulture, Prospects
- Apiculture: Introduction to Beekeeping
- 62
- Apiculture: Beekeeping
- Apiculture: World Production and Consumption, Production and Distribution in India
- 63
- Apiculture: Honey Consumption in India, Honey Types in India, Resources & Infrastructure for Honey Production, Apiculture Management and Technology
- Apiculture: Prospects, Sweet Revolution, Advantages of Beekeeping
- 64
- Agricultural Regionalization: Characteristics of Agricultural Region
- Agricultural Regionalization: Techniques to Define Agricultural Regions
- 65
- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) : Activities in EIA, Technology in EIA
- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) : Data Used in EIA, Methods and Types of EIA
- 66
- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) : Process of EIA, Application of EIA
- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) : EIA in India
- 67
- Environmental Management: Aspects of Environmental Management, Objectives of Environmental Management
- Environmental Management: Component of Environmental Management, Approaches of Environmental Management
- 68
- Environmental Management: Problems of Environmental Management, Environmental Management System (EMS)
- Environmental Management: International Organization for Standardization (14000) , Green House Gas Emissions and Carbon Trading
- 69
- Environmental Management: NGRBA and NMCG
- Environmental Management: Namami Gange: Integrated Ganga Rejuvenation Plan (2015 - 2019)
- 70
- Environmental Management: Blue Economy & Ocean Economy
- Deforestation: Impact of Britishers, Post-Independence Phase
- 71
- Deforestation: Change in Forest Cover, Biodiversity and Protected Areas
- Deforestation: Local Traditions: Forests & Wildlife Conservation
- 72
- Deforestation: Case Studies on Forest Conservation
- Desertification: Introduction, Extent of Desertification
- 73
- Desertification: Causes of Desertification
- Desertification: Initiatives to Combat Desertification
- 74
- Soil Erosion in India: Causes of Soil Erosion in India
- Soil Erosion in India: Types of Soil Erosion in India, Factors Affecting Soil Erosion, Soil Conservation in India
- 75
- Environmental Awareness: Awareness About Environmental Protection
- Environmental Awareness: National Efforts
- 76
- Environmental Awareness: National Green Tribunal
- Changes in Patterns of Land Use: Land Use Pattern Changes
- 77
- Changes in Patterns of Land Use: Land Use Pattern Comparison
- Regional Disparities in Economic Development: Regional Disparities After Independence
- 78
- Problems of Agrarian and Industrial Unrest: Agrarian Unrest
- Problems of Agrarian and Industrial Unrest: Industrial Unrest
- 79
- Short Notes and Two-Markers on Indian Geography (a to C)
- Short Notes and Two-Markers on Indian Geography (D to M)
- 80
- Short Notes and Two-Markers on Indian Geography (P to W)
- World Resources: Resources, Types of Resources
- 81
- World Resources: Some Important Resources- Mineral Resources
- World Resources: Some Important Resources- Energy Resources
- 82
- World Resources: Some Important Resources- Energy Resources, Geothermal, Advantages & Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy, Tidal and Wave Energy, Advantages & Disadvantages of Wave and Tidal Energy
- World Resources: Some Important Resources- Energy Resources, Hydro Electric Power (HEP) , Advantages & Disadvantages of Hydropower, Advantages & Disadvantages Coal , Oil and Natural Gas, Nuclear Energy, Types of Nuclear Elements
- 83
- World Resources: Some Important Resources- Problems in Utilizing World Resources
- Growth of Population: Population Growth of a Period is Calculated in Two Parts, Temporal Population Growth Trend, World Population Development, World Population Growth, Spatial Population Growth Trend in Millions, Spatial Population Doubling Trend
- 84
- Growth of Population: Important Trends in Population Growth
- Growth of Population: Components of Population Growth or Change
- 85
- Distribution of Population: Some Facts, Factors Affecting Population Distribution, Ecumene and Non-Ecumene Population Distribution
- Migration: Types of Migration
- 86
- Migration: Causes of Migration, Consequences of Migration
- Migration: Theories of Migration- RavensteinÕs Law of Migration (1843 - 1913) , Push Pull Theory by Lee (Intervening Obstacles)
- 87
- Migration: Theories of Migration - Gravity Model, Intervening Opportunities by Stouffer, ZipfÕs Principle of Least Effort
- Migration: Theories of Migration - Competing Migrants Model, Zelinsky Migration Transition Model, Neo Classical Economic Theory (Wages) , Dual Labor Market Theory, Relative Deprivation Theory, Chain Migration, World Systems Theory
- 88
- Introduction to Resource Geography: Introduction, Resource Geography- Growth of Resource Geography Economic Geography
- Introduction to Resource Geography: Features, Resource Peripheries, Resource and Wealth
- 89
- Natural Resources: Types and Stages of Resources
- Land Resource, Distribution, Livelihood and Scarcity Concerns: Concept, Importance of Land Resources, Land Utilisation
- 90
- Land Resource, Distribution, Livelihood and Scarcity Concerns: Introduction- Defining Soil Degradation
- Land Resource, Distribution, Livelihood and Scarcity Concerns: Introduction- Status, Problems and Trends of Global Land System, Forests, Urbanisation, Land and International Agreed Goals
- 91
- Land Resource, Distribution, Livelihood and Scarcity Concerns: Major Issues Obstructing the Goals, Outlook and Goal Gaps
- Surface and Ground Water: Distribution, Livelihood and Scarcity Concerns: Introduction, Defining Water Scarcity, Status and Trends of Water Scarcity
- 92
- Surface and Ground Water: Distribution, Livelihood and Scarcity Concerns: Major Issues Related to Water, International Agreed Goals, Outlook and Gap
- Natural Resource for Livelihood; Global, Regional and Local: Forest Resource: Introduction, World Distribution of Forest
- 93
- Natural Resource for Livelihood; Global, Regional and Local: Forest Resource: Forest as a Resource- Ecological Services, Forests in India, Size and Distribution of Forest in India
- Natural Resource for Livelihood; Global, Regional and Local: Forest Resource: Indian Forest Resources and Livelihoods
- 94
- Forest Resource: Distribution, Livelihood and Scarcity Concerns: Introduction, Causes and Concerns
- Forest Resource: Consequences of Forrest Resource Scarcity, Forest Status in Future, Data Challenges in Indian Forest Sector
- 95
- Energy Resources: Coal- Origin of Coal, Varieties of Coal
- Energy Resources: Coal Production, Petroleum or Mineral Oil
- 96
- Energy Resources: Natural Gas, Electricity, Non-Conventional Energy Source
- Energy Resources: Introduction, Global Trend of Energy Resources, Oil, Natural Gas, Coal
- 97
- Energy Resources: Renewable Hydro & Nuclear Energy, Factors Determining Energy Scarcity, Status of Energy Scarcity, Future Outlook
- Marine Resources for Livelihood- Global, Regional and Local: Introduction, Definition
- 98
- Marine Resources for Livelihood- Global, Regional and Local: Classification and Utility, Future Ahead and the Gap
- Marine Resources for Livelihood- Global, Regional and Local: Introduction, Impact of Mineral Oil on Marine Environment, over Fertilisation of the Seas
- 99
- Marine Resources for Livelihood- Global, Regional and Local: Impact of Sand and Gravel Extraction, Impact of Sea Floor Mining, Marine Fisheries at Stake
- Marine Resources for Livelihood- Global, Regional and Local: Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Environment, International Agreements and Outlook
- 100
- Agricultural Planning in India: Introduction
- Impelled Migration and Norris Theory
- 101
- Norris Theory
- Monel Metals
- 102
- Properties of Materials: Porosity of the Rock, Permeability
- Millets: Introduction, Production, Trade and Exports
- 103
- Millets: Benefits and Disadvantages
- Types of Millets, Significance & Techniques to Improve
- 104
- Millets in India: Cultivation, Challenges & Government Efforts
Geophysics [60 Notes- 2% Effort]
Signal Processing [40 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Continuous and Discrete Signals
- Characteristics of Discrete-Time and Continuous-Time Signals
- 2
- The Fast Fourier Transform
- Fourier Series
- 3
- Particular Forms
- Theorems and Properties
- 4
- Recursive and Non-Recursive Filters
- Sampling Theorem
- 5
- Sampling Theorem, Sampling Theorem Statement, Band Limited Signals for Sampling
- The Discrete Fourier Transform
- 6
- Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform, Discrete Fourier Transform Errors
- Z-Transform
- 7
- Properties of Z-Transforms
- Fourier Series: Fourier Series Representation of Continuous Time Periodic Signals, CTFT
- 8
- Application of Fourier Series
- Information Theory: Shannon Weaver Model; Information Entropy
- 9
- Mutual Information, ShannonÕs Source Coding Theorem & Lossless Coding Algorithm
- Huffman Coding: Greedy Algorithm for Construction, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications - Variable Length Coding Algorithm
- 10
- Receiver Noise Floor and Figure in Electric Communications
- Random Variable: Random Process, Gaussian Process
- 11
- Electrical Noise: Thermal Noise
- Electrical Noise: Shot Noise, White Noise
- 12
- Narrow Band Noise & Its Representation
- Methods of Signal Analysis: Time & Frequency Domain; Time Domain Specifications
- 13
- Methods of Signal Analysis: Frequency Domain Analysis; Time-Frequency Signal Analysis
- Concept of Spectral Analysis
- 14
- Concept of Spectral Analysis: Ideal Filter Characteristics
- Linear Circuit Components: Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor
- 15
- Transient Response: Steps, RL, RC, RLC Circuits
- Frequency Domain: KCL in S-Domain, KVL in S-Domain
- 16
- Resonance Circuit: Series and Parallel; Time Frequency Domain Analysis
- Z-Transform & Region of Convergence
- 17
- Z-Transforms Properties, Initial and Final Value Theorems, Causality and Stability
- Solving Difference Equations by Z-Transform: Natural and Forced Response; Inverse Z-Transform
- 18
- Methods to Find the Inverse Z-Transform: Residue Method
- Digital Filtering & Types
- 19
- FIR Filters: Design, Structure, Response, Advantages & Disadvantages
- IIR Filters: Concept, Advantages & Disadvantages
- 20
- Signal Processing: AāD Converter, DAC
- Application of Signal Processing
Field Theory [19 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- The Divergence (or GaussÕs) Theorem
- GreenÕs Theorem
- 2
- The Flux Form of GreenÕs Theorem
- MaxwellÕs Equations
- 3
- Integral Form of MaxwellÕs Equations and Their Physical Significance
- Seismic Wave Propagation
- 4
- Co-Ordinate System
- Unit Vector and Line, Area, and Volume Element
- 5
- MaxwellÕs Equation, Electric Force Field and Electromagnetic Properties of Media
- Laws of Electro-Magnetics from MaxwellÕs Equations and Modified Form of Amperes Law
- 6
- Helmholtz Equation and Method of Separation of Variables
- Helmholtz, Wave, and Bessel Differential Equation
- 7
- Plane Waves, Equations, Propagation Constant and Boundary Conditions
- EM Waves
- 8
- Wave Equation
- Operators, Gradient, Divergence, and Curl
- 9
- Co-Ordinate Systems, Mathematical Theorems, Differential Equations Involving and Vector Identities
- TE Mode in Rectangular Waveguides: Theory, Field Components, and Practical Applications
- 10
- Time-Varying Fields: Transformer & Motional EMF, Displacement Current and MaxwellÕs Equation
Seismology & Tomography [1 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Meteorology [122 Notes- 7% Effort]
Physical Meteorology [39 Notes- 2% Effort]
- 1
- Thermal Structure of the Atmosphere; Introduction, History and Trend of Research on the Exploration of Atmospheric Structure, Evolution of Atmosphere, Composition of the Atmosphere, Thermal Structure of Atmosphere
- Factors Affecting Atmospheric Temperature at Troposphere; Instruments in Study of Atmospheric Layers Instruments in Study of Atmospheric Layers, Human and Natural Influences on the Changing Thermal Structure of the Atmosphere, Structures of Atmosphere in Other Planets, Conclusion
- 2
- Adiabatic Process of Moist Air
- Radiation: Basin Law ā Mie Scattering
- 3
- Clausius - Clapeyron Equation
- Composition of the Atmosphere
- 4
- Hydrostatic Equation
- Radiation: Basin Law ā Rayleigh Scattering
- 5
- Thermal Structure of the Atmosphere, Characteristics, Thermal Structure
- Thermodynamic Diagrams: Desirable Properties of a Thermodynamic Diagrams
- 6
- Thermodynamics of Dry Air: Specific Heat, First Law of Thermodynamics, Adiabatic Processes, PoissonÕs Equation, Alternate Form of First Law of Thermodynamics, Entropy
- Thermodynamics of Moist Air: Latent Heat, Relation between Saturation Vapour Pressure and Temperature, Equation of State for Water Vapour
- 7
- Thermodynamics of Moist Air: Moisture Variables, Equation of State for Moist Air, Specific Gas Constant for Moist Air
- El Nino ā Southern Oscillation: ENSO Phases
- 8
- El Nino ā Southern Oscillation: ENSO Impacts
- Madden-Julian Oscillation
- 9
- Atmospheric Stability
- Types of Lapse Rates: ELR and ALR
- 10
- Types of Lapse Rates: DALR and SALR
- Lapse Rate & Atmospheric Stability
- 11
- Climatology and Composition of Atmosphere, Gaseous Concentration
- Atmospheric Structure: Thermal Structure of Atmosphere
- 12
- Atmospheric Structure: Magneto-Electronic Structure
- Atmospheric Structure: Magnetosphere
- 13
- Weather and Climate: Weather
- Weather and Climate: Climate, Differences between Weather and Climate
- 14
- Clouds and Their Types: Clouds
- Clouds and Their Types: Types of Clouds
- 15
- Clouds and Their Types: Meteorological Method for Describing Sky Conditions (Cloudiness)
- Clouds and Their Types: Differentiating Dew, Fog, Frost, Haze, & Smog
- 16
- Kelvin and Rossby Waves: Kelvin Waves
- Climatology: Major Terms Part - 1
- 17
- Climatology: Major Terms Part - 2
- Climatology: Major Terms Part - 3
- 18
- Mitigation and Control Measures: Urban Forms, Structure and Emissions, Measures to Mitigate Urban Warming, Air Pollution Control Strategy, Sustainable Cities/Cities Contributing to Global Sustainability
- Weather Data Recording and Weather Forecasting: Introduction, Definition and Meaning, Histogenesis of Weather Forecasting, Procedures of Weather Forecasting, Tools in Weather Forecasting
- 19
- Types of Weather Forecasting: Methods of Weather Forecasting
- Applied Climatology: Introduction, Definition, Meaning and Importance, Sources of Climatological Data, Climate and Natural Systems
- 20
- Climate and Societal Systems: Climate and Health
Cloud Physics [9 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Bergeron-Findeisen Process
- Cloud Classification: The Categories and Subcategories of Clouds Are Broken into
- 2
- Cloud Condensation Nuclei: Composition
- Cloud Condensation Nuclei: Description of the CCN Collection System
- 3
- Coalescence Process: Forms of Precipitation
- Growth of Cloud Drops
- 4
- Growth of Ice Crystals
- Tornadoes: Tangential Velocity & Tornado Intensity
- 5
- Types of Tornadoes & Other Vortices
Dynamic Meteorology [22 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Bjerknes Circulation Theorem and Applications
- Atmospheric Energetics: Atmospheric Potential Energy, Energy Equations, Energetic in a Hydrostatic and Stably Stratified Atmosphere, Concept of Available Potential Energy (APE)
- 2
- Atmospheric Turbulence: The Boussinesq Approximation, Reynolds Averaging
- Cartesian Coordinates: A Coordinate System Consists of Four Basic Elements, Infinitesimal Line Element, Infinitesimal Area Element, Infinitesimal Volume Element
- 3
- Circulation
- Derivation of Vorticity Equation
- 4
- Divergence: Divergence in Natural Coordinate
- FroudeÕs Number
- 5
- Geostrophic Wind: Direction, Magnitude, Geostrophic Currents
- Gradient Wind ()
- 6
- Gravity Force
- Inertial Flow
- 7
- Potential Vorticity: Conservation, Invertibility, General Derivation, Barotropic Fluids, the General Case
- Reynolds Number ()
- 8
- The Richardson Number: Flux Richardson Number, Gradient Richardson Number, Bulk Richardson Number
- Divergence and Vertical Motion Rossby, Richardson, Reynolds and Froude Numbers
- 9
- Scale Analysis
- Spherical Coordinates: Infinitesimal Line Element, Infinitesimal Area Element, Infinitesimal Volume Element
- 10
- Stream Function
- Vertical Motion: Kinematic Method for Calculating Vertical Motion, Adiabatic Method for Calculating Vertical Motion
- 11
- Vorticity: Relative-Vorticity Definition, Absolute-Vorticity Definition, Potential-Vorticity Definition, Rewriting the Potential Vorticity Using Eq. (5 & 2) , Isentropic Potential Vorticity Definition
- Geostrophic Wind: Causes and Related Numericals
Numerical Weather Prediction [6 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Barotropic Model
- Data Assimilation Techniques: Data Assimilation, Assimilation Methods
- 2
- Ensemble Kalman Filter
- Initialization of the Data for Use in Prediction Models
- 3
- Two Parameter Baroclinic Model
- Equivalent Barotropic Model: The Equivalent Barotropic Atmosphere, the Governing Equation, Application
General Circulation and Climate Modelling [3 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Quasi-Biennial Oscillation
- Quasi-Biennial Oscillation: Processes and Modeling
- 2
- Weather Observation: Human-Based Parameters. Source-Based Observation Classification, Human-Produced Observations, Weather Observations
Synoptic Meteorology [26 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Air Masses and Fronts
- Hazardous Weather Elements like Thunderstorms
- 2
- Mesoscale Convective Systems
- Super Cell Thunderstorms
- 3
- Air Masses: Creation, Modification, Sources of an Air Mass
- Extra-Tropical Synoptic Scale Features: Anticyclones
- 4
- Hazardous Weather Element-Dust Storms
- Extra-Tropical Synoptic Scale Features: Extra-Tropical Cyclone
- 5
- Fronts: General Properties of Fronts, Horizontal Structure, Vertical Structure
- Frontogenesis
- 6
- Tropical Meteorology: ITCZ
- Jet Streams: Cross-Section of a Jet Stream over Western United States, Seasonal Shifting of Jet Stream, Origin of Jet Streams, Pressure Gradient Force, Coriolis Force and Jet Stream, Types and Distribution of Jet Streams, Significance of Jet Streams
- 7
- Low-Level (Especially Nocturnal) Jet
- Monsoon Depression: Origin of Monsoon Depression, Intensification of the M. D, Structure of the Monsoon Depression, Rainfall Associated with M. D, Movement of M. D
- 8
- Northeast Monsoon: Climatological Features
- Southwest Monsoon: Monitoring of Monsoon, Observation Tools, Southwest Monsoon, Onset and Advance of Southwest Monsoon, Monsoons and the Economic Life in India
- 9
- Stream Lines: Streamline, Patterns of Stream Lines
- Structure of Cold and Warm Fronts
- 10
- Synoptic Charts: Coverage of These Charts Depends Upon the Area for Which the Forecast is to be Given
- Synoptic Weather Forecasting
- 11
- Hazardous Weather Element - Thunderstorms: Conditions Required for Thunderstorm to Occur, Appearance, Evolution of Thunderstorm Development, Types of Thunderstorms
- Hazardous Weather Element-Tornado: Formation of Tornadoes, Safety Measures and Damage Prevention, Severe Weather Watches & Warnings, General Safety Guidelines and Tips, Decay of a Tornado
- 12
- Tropical Easterly Jet Stream
- Waves in Easterlies: Causative Reason, Characteristics of Easterly Waves
- 13
- Features Associated with Break and Weak Monsoons: Causes of Break, Termination of Break, Identification of Breaks
- Western Disturbances: Movement and Rainfall Associated with W. DÕs, Intensification of the Western Disturbance, Important Synoptic Conditions Associated with the Approach and After the Passage of W. DÕs over a Station, Weather Associated with W. D.
Aviation Meteorology [5 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Aviation Weather Hazards
- Now Casting
- 2
- Now Casting: The Now Casting Revolution
- Role of Meteorology in Aviation
- 3
- Very Short-Range Forecasting: Definition, Requirements for and Economic Value of VSRF, Meteorological Basis for VSRF
Satellite Meteorology [12 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Basic Concepts of Remote Sensing: Definition, Advantages and Limitations; History of Development: Basic Principles of Remote Sensing
- Basic Concepts of Remote Sensing; Definition of Remote Sensing; a Typical Remote Sensing Process; Important Application Areas of Remote Sensing
- 2
- Remote Sensing Platforms and Sensors: Platforms; Sensors; Types of Orbits
- Image Transformation: Image Arithmetic Operations; Indices and Band Rationing
- 3
- Image Transformation; Principal Component Transformation (PCA)
- Digital Image Fusion; Image Fusion Techniques; Application of Image Fusion
- 4
- Colour Composite Images and Visual Image Interpretation; Introduction
- Colour Composite Images and Visual Image Interpretation: Visual Interpretation of Images
- 5
- Remote Sensing Platforms and Sensors; Types of Scanner; Different Sensors and Their Characteristics; Characteristics of Some Scanners
- Digital Image Fusion; Concept of Image Fusion; Objectives of Image Fusion
- 6
- Geostationary Satellites
- Polar Orbiting Satellites
Ocean Sciences [63 Notes- 3% Effort]
Physical Oceanography [40 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Relationship between Densities
- Upwelling and Sinking with Special Reference to the Indian Ocean
- 2
- Physical Oceanography; Introduction, Branches of Oceanography, Historical Explorations, the Physical Setting, WorldÕs Oceans and Seas, Crustal Plates
- Solar Heating; Ocean Water Properties, Fluid Mechanics and Ocean Dynamics, Air-Sea Interface, Forces Acting on Masses, Ocean Water Circulation, Motion with Viscosity, Turbulence, Ekman Layer and Langmuir Currents
- 3
- Geostrophic Currents; Waves, Tides and Coastal Processes, Conclusion
- Ocean Waves; Ecological Zones, Marine Fauna, Marine Flora, Marine Sediments, Economic Mineral Resources, Mineral Resources of the Pacific Ocean, Commerce and Shipping, Waterways Along the Pacific, Ports and Terminals, Marine Pollution, Hazards
- 4
- El Nino: WalkerÕs Circulation, Southern Oscillation, Effects
- Temperature: Important Facts on Ocean Temperature, Temperature Depth Profile
- 5
- Temperature: Sea Surface Temperature and Diurnal Variations, Heat Budget of Ocean
- Temperature: Sea Surface Temperature and Diurnal Variations
- 6
- Temperature: Heat Budget of Ocean
- Salinity
- 7
- Salinity: Factors Affecting Salinity
- Salinity: Effects of Higher Salinity, Concept of Brine Rejection
- 8
- Salinity: Halocline: Change in Salinity with Depth, Salinity Difference between River and Sea Water
- Density: Variation in Density with Salinity and Temperature
- 9
- Density: Pycnocline, Freezing of Ice
- Water Masses: Temperature-Salinity (T-S) Curves
- 10
- Thermohaline Circulation (THC) : From Density Differences to Circulation
- Thermohaline Circulation (THC) : Movement in THC, Impact of THC on Climate
- 11
- Waves: Characteristics of Waves
- Waves: Factors Influencing Wind Waves Formation
- 12
- Waves: Movement in Waves
- Waves: Transition of Waves in Shallow Waters
- 13
- Waves: Breaking Waves
- Waves: Beaufort Wind Force Scale, Waves on Earth
- 14
- Waves: Tsunamis, Seiche
- Currents: Coriolis Effect, Characteristics of Ocean Current
- 15
- Currents: Causes of Ocean Currents, Effects of Ocean Currents
- Currents: Types of Current
- 16
- Currents: Major Ocean Currents
- Tides: Factors Affecting Tides
- 17
- Tides: Direct and Opposing Tides (Due to Centrifugal Force) , Mediums of Tides
- Tides: Stages of Oceanic Tide, Classification of Tides
- 18
- Mechanism of Water Circulation: Ekman Spiral, Ekman Transport
- Mechanism of Water Circulation: Gyres and Geostrophic Flow
- 19
- Mechanism of Water Circulation: SverdrupÕs Views, StommelÕs Views, MunkÕs Views
- Tsunamis: Physical Characteristics of Tsunami, Properties of Tsunami Waves
- 20
- Tsunamis: Scales of Intensity and Magnitude, Causes of Tsunami
- Tsunamis: Hazards of Tsunamis, Prediction and Early Warning
Chemical Oceanography [2 Notes- Negligible Effort]
Geological Oceanography [4 Notes- Negligible Effort]
- 1
- Oceanographic Explorations; Introduction, Viking Expeditions and Voyage of Leif Erikson
- The First Voyage of Endeavour; Mapping the Ocean Floor, Deep Sea Drilling Program, Modern Trends in Oceanography, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES)
- 2
- The Landsat Program; International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE)
- Pacific Ocean; Introduction, Geographic Setting, Dimension, Depth, Principal Arms, Volume of Water, Explorations and Migrations
Biological Oceanography [17 Notes- 1% Effort]
- 1
- Coastal Marine Communities and Community Ecology
- Deep-Sea Ecology Including Hydrothermal Vent Communities
- 2
- Human Impacts on Marine Communities
- Impact of Pollution on Marine Environments Including Fisheries
- 3
- Nekton and Fisheries Oceanography
- Biological Oceanography; Introduction, Biological Oceanography, Historical Development, Component of Marine Environment, Marine Environmental Conditions, Penetration of Temperature and Light, Marine Zone Classification
- 4
- The SeaÕs Ecology; Oceanic Life, Controlling Factors, Factors Controlling Circulation, Vertical Variations in Salinity, Surface Water Currents, Marine Flora, Controls of Primary Productivity, Marine Flora and Fauna
- Classifications of Plants; Marine Animal Migration, Properties Affecting Marine Life, Aspects of Biological Oceanography, Conclusion
- 5
- The Antarctic Circle; Biodiversity, Mineral Resources, the Antarctic Treaty, Indian Antarctic Program
- Energy Flow in Ecosystem
- 6
- Food Web
- Coral Reefs: Types of Corals, Conditions of Growth
- 7
- Coral Reefs: Types of Coral Reefs
- Coral Reefs: Theories of Origin of Coral Reefs
- 8
- Coral Bleaching: Causes of Coral Bleaching
- Coral Bleaching: Clive WilkinsonÕs Report on Coral Bleaching
- 9
- Coral Reefs and Coral Bleaching