CSIR (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research) Earth Sciences Physical Geography-Geomorphology Study Material (Page 16 of 90)

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Major Subsystems of Earth: The “spheres” : Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Cryosphere, Atmosphere, Biosphere

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Everything in Earth՚s system can be placed in “lithosphere” (land) , “hydrosphere” (water) , “biosphere” (living things) , and “atmosphere” (air) . These “spheres” set the stage for variety of geographical processes, properties, and interactions.

Lithosphere

The lithosphere includes crust and part of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on long time scales. This upper part is of mantle is important for isostasy. The surface of the lithosphere is very uneven with high mountain ranges like Himalayas, huge plains, and ocean trenches. Geomorphology discussed in fir…

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Major Oceans: Atlantic Ocean

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Atlantic Ocean

  • 2nd largest amongst major oceans of the world.
  • Youngest ocean & less than 100 million years old
  • It covers 20% of earth՚s surface having area of 82,362, 000 km2 and average depth of 3,926 m.
  • Maximum distance in this ocean is between USA and North Africa at 4,830 km and minimum distance is between Senegal and Brazil at 2,575 km.
  • Maximum width of the ocean is in temperate zone. Near equator, continental bulge narrows it at point where South America and Africa fix each other.
  • S-shape of this ocean creates two distinc…

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